Chloroplasts and photosynthesis are the physiologically fateful arenas of salinity stress. Morphological and anatomical alterations in the leaf tissue, ultrastructural changes in the chloroplast, compromise in the integrity of the three-layered chloroplast membrane system, and defects in the light and dark reactions during the osmotic, ionic, and oxidative phases of salt stress are conversed in detail to bring the salinity-mediated physiological alterations in the chloroplast on to a single platform. Chloroplasts of salt-tolerant plants have evolved highly regulated salt-responsive pathways. Thylakoid membrane remodeling, ion homeostasis, osmoprotection, upregulation of chloroplast membrane and stromal proteins, chloroplast ROS scavenging, efficient retrograde signalling, and differential gene and metabolite abundance are the key attributes of optimal photosynthesis in tolerant species. This review throws light into the comparative mechanism of chloroplast and photosynthetic response to salinity in sensitive and tolerant plant species.

Department of Biotechnology Kuvempu University Shankaraghatta 577 451 Shivamogga Karnataka India

Department of Plant Physiology Kerala Agricultural University College of Agriculture 680 656 Thrissur Kerala India

Department of Plant Physiology Kerala Agricultural University Regional Agricultural Research Station 686 563 Kumarakom Kerala India

Division of Plant Physiology Indian Council of Agricultural Research Indian Agricultural Research Institute 110 012 New Delhi India

Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division KSCSTE Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi 680 653 Thrissur Kerala India

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Central Agroforestry Research Institute 284 003 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh India

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 132 001 Karnal Haryana India

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 226 002 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 392 012 Bharuch Gujarat India

School of Natural Resource Management Central Agricultural University College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences 793 103 Umiam Meghalaya India

School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW 275 1 Australia

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