Cost-effective and efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting stands out as one of the most promising strategies to address sustainable energy supply in the form of green H2. Large-area photoelectrodes featuring precise chemical and morphological control are key components for a practical solar-to-hydrogen conversion. Herein, we report the continuous flow synthesis of BiVO4 nanoparticles (NPs) by using a simple microreactor configuration. The solution containing the as-prepared NPs enables the deposition of BiVO4 photoanodes with areas up to 52 cm2 through a simple and scalable chemical bath deposition method. On the other hand, surface protection by an ultrathin Al2O3 overlayer grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) increases the performance of the 1 cm2 BiVO4 photoanodes ~30 %, exhibiting a photocurrent density of ~2.0 mA⋅cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. the Reversible Hydrogen Electrode in the presence of a sacrificial hole scavenger. The optimized continuous flow synthesis provides an affordable methodology for the fabrication of cost-effective, large-scale photoanodes, which could potentially be applied for different photoelectrochemical reactions.

Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and BIST Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain

Centro de Física de Materiales UPV EHU CSIC 20018 San Sebastián Spain

Department of Physics and Astronomy Ettore Majorana and IMM CNR University of Catania S Sofia 64 95123 Catania Italy

Department of Surface and Plasma Science Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague 8 180 00 Czech Republic

Donostia International Physics Center DIPC 20018 San Sebastián Spain

ICREA Pg Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Catalonia Spain

IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain

Institute of Advanced Materials Universitat Jaume 1 Av Vicente Sos Baynat s n 12006 Castellón Spain

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