Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles released by various cell types, are intensively studied for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and they also display high usability in regenerative medicine. Emphasizing their diagnostic potential, exosomes serve as carriers of disease-specific biomarkers, enabling non-invasive early detection and personalized medicine. The cargo loading of exosomes with therapeutic agents presents an innovative strategy for targeted drug delivery, minimizing off-target effects and optimizing therapeutic interventions. In regenerative medicine, exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication, facilitating tissue regeneration through the transmission of bioactive molecules. While acknowledging existing challenges in standardization and scalability, ongoing research efforts aim to refine methodologies and address regulatory considerations. In summary, this review underscores the transformative potential of exosomes in reshaping the landscape of medical interventions, with a particular emphasis on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and regenerative medicine.

BIOCEV 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Vestec Czechia

Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czechia

Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czechia

Department of Respiratory Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czechia

Department of Surgery Department of Abdominal Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Czechia

NEXARS Research and Development Center C2P s r o Chlumec nad Cidlinou Czechia

The Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Czechia

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