The understanding of neurodegenerative diseases, traditionally considered to be well-defined entities with distinguishable clinical phenotypes, has undergone a major shift over the last 20 years. The diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases primarily requires functional brain imaging techniques or invasive tests such as lumbar puncture to assess cerebrospinal fluid. A new biological approach and research efforts, especially in vivo, have focused on biomarkers indicating underlying proteinopathy in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of neurodegenerative processes within the central nervous system and the large number of overlapping clinical diagnoses, identifying individual proteinopathies is relatively difficult and often not entirely accurate. For this reason, there is an urgent need to develop laboratory methods for identifying specific biomarkers, understand the molecular basis of neurodegenerative disorders and classify the quantifiable and readily available tools that can accelerate efforts to translate the knowledge into disease-modifying therapies that can improve and simplify the areas of differential diagnosis, as well as monitor the disease course with the aim of estimating the prognosis or evaluating the effects of treatment. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about clinically relevant biomarkers in different neurodegenerative diseases.

Department of Laboratory Medicine University Hospital Ostrava 70852 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital 14059 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

Laboratory of Growth Regulators Faculty of Science and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Palacky University 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Disorders Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

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