Bioluminescence is the production of visible light by living organisms. It occurs through the oxidation of luciferin substrates catalysed by luciferase enzymes. Auxiliary proteins, such as fluorescent proteins and luciferin-binding proteins, can modify the light emitted wavelength or stabilize reactive luciferin molecules, respectively. Additionally, calcium ions are crucial for the luminescence across various species. Despite the large phylogenetic distribution of bioluminescent organisms, only a few systems have been comprehensively studied. Notably, cnidarian species of the Renilla genus utilize a coelenterazine-dependent luciferase, a calcium-dependent coelenterazine-binding protein and a green fluorescent protein. We investigated the bioluminescence of three sea pen species: Pennatula phosphorea, Anthoptilum murrayi and Funiculina quadrangularis (Pennatuloidea, Anthozoa). Their light-emission spectra reveal peaks at 510, 513 and 485 nm, respectively. A coelenterazine-based reaction was demonstrated in all three species. Using transcriptome analyses, we identified transcripts coding for luciferases, green fluorescent proteins and coelenterazine-binding proteins for P. phosphorea and A. murrayi. Immunodetection confirmed the expression of luciferase in P. phosphorea and F. quadrangularis. We also expressed recombinant luciferase of A. murrayi, confirming its activity. We highlighted the role of calcium ions in bioluminescence, possibly associated with the mechanism of substrate release at the level of coelenterazine-binding proteins. The study proposes a model for anthozoan bioluminescence, offering new avenues for future ecological and functional research on these luminous organisms.

Biological and Environmental Sciences Goteborgs Universitet Goteborg Sweden

Cellular and Molecular Immunology GIGA Institute Université de Liège Liege Belgium

Centre for Natural and Human Sciences Universidade Federal do ABC Santo Andre Brazil

Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Departamento de Oceanografia Física Química e Geológica Universidade de São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Yeshiva University New York NY USA

Earth and Life Institute Université catholique de Louvain Louvain la Neuve Walloon Brabant Belgium

International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Monaco Monaco

International Clinical Research Center Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology Université catholique de Louvain Louvain la Neuve Walloon Brabant Belgium

Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Université de Mons Mons Belgium

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Insights into the bioluminescence systems of three sea pens (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): from de novo transcriptome analyses to biochemical assays