Novel antimicrobial agents are urgently needed to combat antimicrobial resistance from multidrug-resistant organisms. Actinobacteria are key sources of bioactive metabolites with diverse biological activities. Despite their contributions to drug discovery, the process from strain identification to drug manufacturing faces many challenges, especially the rediscovery of known compounds. Recent technological and scientific advancements have accelerated drug development. Efforts to isolate and screen rare actinobacterial species could yield novel bioactive compounds. This review summarizes techniques for selectively isolating rare actinobacteria, improving bioactive metabolite production, and discovering potential strains. Notably, new genomic strategies and new discoveries regarding spectroscopic signature-based bioactive natural products containing specific structural motifs are also discussed. Furthermore, this review updates the compounds derived from rare actinobacteria and their biological applications.

Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence Walailak University Thasala Thai Buri Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand

Graduate School Walailak University Thasala Thai Buri Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand

Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Videnska 1083 14200 Prague Czech Republic

School of Pharmacy Walailak University Thasala Thai Buri Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand

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