A novel bi-layered scaffold, obtained via 3D printing and electrospinning, was designed to improve osteochondral region reconstruction. The upper electrospun membrane will act as a barrier against unwanted tissue infiltration, while the lower 3D-printed layer will provide a porous structure for tissue ingrowth. Graphene was integrated into the scaffold for its antibacterial properties, and the drug Osteogenon® (OST) was added to promote bone tissue regeneration. The composite scaffolds were subjected to comprehensive physical, thermal, and mechanical evaluations. Additionally, their biological functionality was assessed by means of NHAC-kn cells. The 0.5% graphene addition to PCL significantly increased strain at break, enhancing the material ductility. GNP also acted as an effective nucleating agent, raising crystallization temperatures and supporting mineralization. The high surface area of graphene facilitated rapid apatite formation by attracting calcium and phosphate ions. This was confirmed by FTIR, µCT and SEM analyses, which highlighted the positive impact of graphene on mineral deposition. The synergistic interaction between graphene nanoplatelets and Osteogenon® created a bioactive environment that enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation, and promoted superior apatite formation. These findings highlight the scaffold's potential as a promising biomaterial for osteochondral repair and regenerative medicine.

Department of Ceramics and Refractories Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics AGH University of Krakow 30 059 Krakow Poland

Department of Cytobiology Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University 31 007 Krakow Poland

Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics AGH University of Krakow 30 059 Krakow Poland

Department of Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science University of Bielsko Biala 43 309 Bielsko Biala Poland

Department of Mechanics Materials and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Wroclaw University of Science and Technology 50 372 Wroclaw Poland

Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacký University Olomouc 775 15 Olomouc Czech Republic

Faculty of Materials Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Bielsko Biala 43 309 Bielsko Biala Poland

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