PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent advancements in the understanding of the genetic background of genitourinary cancers allowed for a successful introduction of targeted antitumor agents to prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. Inhibitors of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase enzyme (PARPi) transformed the treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer, and being increasingly studied in earlier disease stages. However, they are associated with nonnegligible toxicity, therefore, we aimed to summarize their side-effect profile in patients with PCa. RECENT FINDINGS: Hematologic toxicities, particularly anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia are among the most common and serious adverse events associated with PARPi, highlighting the need for regular blood count monitoring. Nonhematologic side effects, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, are common, and can be mitigated with supportive interventions like dietary modifications, antiemetics, or stool management techniques. Special attention should be given to patients with therapy-resistant or persistent cytopenia, in whom bone marrow biopsy should be considered, as it can indicate myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. SUMMARY: PARP inhibitors represent a major advancement in the management of metastatic prostate cancer, offering a significant survival benefit in applicable cases. However, patients need to be carefully selected and informed, to allow for optimal balancing between the benefits and nonneglectable risks of severe toxicities. Better understanding of PARPi toxicity profile can improve personalized decision-making and enhance treatment compliance, through raising patients' awareness about the possible side effects of PARPi.

Centre for Translational Medicine Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Collegium Medicum Faculty of Medicine WSB University Dąbrowa Górnicza Poland

Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Urology Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Department of Urology University of Duisburg Essen and German Cancer Consortium University Hospital Essen Essen Germany

Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA

Department of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USA

Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan

Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology Vienna Austria

Research Centre for Evidence Medicine Urology Department Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran

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