This review comprehensively explores the characteristics and applications of torrefied bamboo. Bamboo has a high volatile matter (VM) content (73.9-93.0 %), which results in substantial liquid byproducts during torrefaction. The higher heating value (HHV) of biochar produced from wet torrefaction (WT) is greater than that made from dry torrefaction (DT). When the torrefaction severity factor is 8.7, the bamboo hydrochar's HHV from WT can achieve 29.3 MJ⋅kg-1, whereas bamboo biochar from DT only have 23.3 MJ⋅kg-1. Bamboo vinegar and tar, byproducts from bamboo torrefaction, are effective biopesticides and have diverse applications, including polyurethane coatings and insecticides. Life cycle assessments reveal that bamboo-based building materials can reduce carbon footprints by 46.2 % to 87.6 % compared to traditional construction materials. Furthermore, bamboo materials are highly beneficial for the circular economy and environmental sustainability. In summary, bamboo biochar's applications are extensive, and its derived products are commercially competitive and environmentally friendly.

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Tunghai University Taichung 407 Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering National Chin Yi University of Technology Taichung 411 Taiwan

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Tunghai University Taichung 407 Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy Tunghai University Taiwan

Energy Research Centre Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies VSB Technical University of Ostrava 17 listopadu 2172 15 Ostrava Czech Republic

Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan

International Business College of Management National Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan

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