Spiders, ubiquitous and abundant predators in terrestrial ecosystems, often are the subjects of an unjust negative perception. However, these remarkable creatures stand as unsung heroes within our ecosystems, contributing a multitude of ecosystem services critical to human well-being. Here, we describe the diverse spectrum of ecosystem services offered by spiders and their potential to inspire or directly provide nature-based solutions. Provisioning services include the versatile uses of silk-like and other materials, inspiration for biomimetic technology, medicines derived from venom, hemolymph and silk, bio-insecticides that offer eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals, food sources for various human communities worldwide, and unconventional yet increasingly valued pets. Regulating services provided by spiders extend to vital roles in pest suppression across diverse agricultural settings, mitigating diseases by curbing insect-mediated pathogen dispersal, and controlling invasive species. Supporting services offered by spiders are equally extensive, involving nutrient cycling through the breakdown of organic matter, acting as food sources for predators, or creating habitats for other organisms. Beyond their tangible contributions, spiders hold a significant cultural and spiritual heritage globally and are integral to many traditional medicine practices. They inspire contemporary culture, provide educational value, contribute to mental health improvement, evoke a sense of place, offer models for scientific discovery, and are commonly employed for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem health. To pave the way for future research, we present suggestions for exploring and quantifying the economic value of ecosystem services by spiders. While many of these services are well established and studied from various perspectives, others harbour untapped potential. Leveraging what nature inherently provides, these nature-based solutions offer avenues to address challenges such as biodiversity erosion and societal needs. By restoring, preserving, or mimicking natural processes of spiders, we can enhance or provide essential ecosystem services, harnessing the full potential of spiders and the web of benefits they bring us.

Biodiversity Unit University of Turku Turku 20014 Finland

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg Cottbus 03046 Germany

CE3C Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes LIBRe Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research CHANGE Institute for Global Change and Sustainability Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon Lisbon 1749 016 Portugal

Department of Biology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3RB UK

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 Brno 611 37 Czech Republic

Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Lake Alfred FL 33850 USA

Department of Environmental Science and Studies Department of Biology Washington College Chestertown MD 21620 USA

Department of Forest Ecology Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 3 Brno 613 00 Czech Republic

Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University 21111 Lakeshore Road Sainte Anne de Bellevue Montreal QC H9X 3V9 Canada

Evolutionary Biomechanics Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Loitzer Str 26 Greifswald 17489 Germany

Finnish Museum of Natural History Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland

Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia

Laboratorio de Conducta Animal GAIA BIO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Av del Centenario Km 5 5 C P Chetumal Quintana Roo 77014 Mexico

Molecular Ecology Group Largo Tonolli 50 Verbania Pallanza 28922 Italy

NBFC National Biodiversity Future Center Palermo 90133 Italy

School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA

School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University Wallumattagal Campus Macquarie Park Sydney NSW 2109 Australia

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