Mutualistic interactions between plants and soil fungi, mycorrhizas, control carbon and nutrient fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil of ecosystems featuring a particular type of mycorrhiza exhibit specific properties across multiple dimensions of soil functioning. The knowledge about the impacts of mycorrhizal fungi on soil functioning accumulated so far, indicates that these impacts are of major importance, yet poorly conceptualized. We propose a concept of mycorrhizal fungal environments in soil. Within this concept, we discuss knowledge gaps related to the understanding and quantification of mycorrhizal fungal impacts. We introduce an experimental framework to address these gaps in a quantitative manner, and present the field experiment 'Mycotron', where we established vegetation series featuring three mycorrhizal types; ericoid (ERM), ecto- (ECM), and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), to quantitatively assess mycorrhizal fungal impacts on soil functioning. The experimental treatments entail manipulations in dominance levels of vegetation of three mycorrhizal types (AM, ECM, and ERM) in standardized soil conditions. This experiment constitutes a unique testbed to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of distinct mycorrhizal fungal environments on a large variety of ecosystem functions. Our approach aids the quantification of microbiota and plant-microbial interaction impacts on soil biochemical cycles.

Centre for Environmental Sciences Environmental Biology Hasselt University Campus Diepenbeek Agoralaan Gebouw D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium

Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics Institute of Biological Sciences Maria Curie Skłodowska University 19 Akademicka Str 20 033 Lublin Poland

Faculty of Science Charles University Albertov 6 128 43 Prague Czechia

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Puschstr 4 04103 Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biology Leipzig University Puschstr 4 04103 Leipzig Germany

Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czechia

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