Energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) incorporate carbon components key to their function. Graphite and carbon binder components in LIB electrodes are engineered to deliver critical electrical and mechanical properties, as are the surface chemistry and morphology of carbon blacks (CBs) in LIBs and catalysts. The challenge of relating surface chemistry to morphology is complicated by the numerous forms of carbon bonding and potential for surface functional groups. Furthermore, materials processing can influence bonding and structure of carbon at multiple length scales, as seen in mechanochemical functionalization of CBs. To understand the nature of carbon surfaces, secondary electron hyperspectral imaging (SEHI) is introduced as a spatially resolved analysis bridging the nano to microscale. The ability to provide novel insights is demonstrated three example applications: observation of nanoscale "satellite" particles of amorphous hydrogenated carbon on graphitic CB particles, differentiation between graphitic and amorphous hydrogenated nano-thickness carbon coatings on particles of lithium iron phosphate, and differentiation between graphitic carbon active material and carbon binder domain in a LIB anode material. SEHI analysis using peak fitting models for graphitic and disordered carbons is developed based on reference materials and standard spectroscopic methods: Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

David Cockayne Centre for Electron Microscopy Department of Materials University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PH UK

Department of Chemistry and Biology A Zambelli University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo 2 132 Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy

Department of Materials Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK

Department of Microelectronics Brno University of Technology Technická 3058 10 Brno 61600 Czech Republic

Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada

Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine Pam Liversidge Building Sir Robert Hadfield Building The University of Sheffield Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK

Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS Královopolská 147 Brno Královo Pole 612 00 Czech Republic

Loughborough Materials Characterisation Centre Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK

School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK

School of Chemical Materials and Biological Engineering The University of Sheffield Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK

School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Sheffield Amy Johnson Building Portobello Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences The University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK

School of Physics Engineering and Technology University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK

The Faraday Institution Quad One Harwell Campus Becquerel Avenue Didcot OX11 0RA UK

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