Sodium chloride is widely used in aquaculture due to its antiparasitic effects and its ability to reduce stress during fish transport and manipulation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of short-term exposure to sodium chloride for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In our experiment, fish were placed into a sodium chloride bath (c = 30 g l-1; T = 30 min; t = 20 °C) and the effects of the treatment were assessed immediately after the bath (T0) and 24, 48 and 240 h later (T24, T48 and T240, respectively), with non-treated fish serving as control groups. Though significant differences compared to the controls were observed in the treated fish sampled at T0, T24 and T48, these effects were only temporary and all the affected parameters (i.e., haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasmatic lactate, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, phosphorus and ceruloplasmin) had completely recovered within 10 days of exposure, suggesting that the treatment of carp with a sodium chloride bath represents a safe approach suitable for therapy of parasitic infections.

Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Fisheries Hydrobiology and Apiculture Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Alderman DJ, Michel C. Chemotherapy in aquaculture today. In: Michel C, Alderman DJ. Chemotherapy in aquaculture: From theory to reality. Paris: Office International des Epizooties; 1992. p. 3-24.

Bakker J, Nijsten MW, Jansen TC. Clinical use of lactate monitoring in critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2013 May 10;3(1):12. PubMed PMC

Barber I. Parasites, behaviour and welfare in fish. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2007 May;104(3-4):251-64.

Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J. 2012 Jan;5(1):9-19. PubMed PMC

Bolivar RB, Aragones MD, Garcia GG. Effect of methylene blue and sodium chloride on the bacterial load in the transport water with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. In: Bolivar R, Mair G, Fitzsimmons K, editors. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture; 2004 Sep. 17-22; Manila, Philippines; 2004. p. 188-98.

Brown JA, Moore WM, Quabius ES. Physiological effects of saline waters on zander. J Fish Biol. 2001 Apr;59(6):1544-55.

Chmelova L, Sehonova P, Doubkova V, Plhalova L, Blahova J, Tichy F, Modra H, Svobodova Z. Effects of therapeutic formalin bath on selected indices in fish. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2016 Dec 18;37(Suppl_1):67-77. PubMed

Chupani L, Stara A, Velisek J, Zuskova E. Evaluation of the toxic effect of peracetic acid on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2014;35(Suppl_2):86-92. PubMed

Demska-Zakes K, Gomulka P, Rozynski M, Zakes Z. Effect of a short-term sodium chloride bath on juvenile pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) welfare. Aquac Reps. 2021 Mar;19:100569.

Doubek J, Rehakova K, Uhrikova I, Slosarkova S, Doubek R, Matalova E, Bouda J, Petrasova J, Tomenendalova J, Sucman E, Toman M, Faldyna M, Ondrackova P, Matiasovic J, Halouzka R. Zaklady laboratorni diagnostiky neinfekcnich nemoci [Basic laboratory diagnostics of non-infectious diseases]. Brno: Ustav fyziologie Veterinarni a farmaceuticke university; 2014. 250 p. Czech.

Dulski T, Kujawa R, Godzieba M, Ciesielski S. Effect of salinity on the gut microbiome of Pike Fry (Esox lucius). Appl Sci. 2020 Apr;10(7):2506.

EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain). Scientific opinion on malachite green in food. EFSA J. 2016 Jul;14(7):4530.

Enevova V, Palikova M, Blahova J, Modra H, Vojtek L, Papezikova I, Tichy F, Mares J, Navratil S, Vecerek V, Svobodova Z. Sodium chloride treatment effects on rainbow trout suffering from proliferative kidney disease caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Dis Aquat Organ. 2018 Nov 6;131(2):157-66. PubMed

European Commission. Commission decision 2002/657/EC implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results [Internet]. 2002. [cited 2021 Mar 26]. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002D0657&from=EN.

European Commission. Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/1871 on reference points for action for non-permitted pharmacologically active substances presented in food of animal origin [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2021 Mar 26]. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019R1871&from=EN.

Galkova K. Laktat-marker metabolickeho stresu pacientov s kritickym ochorenim [Lactate-marker of metabolic stress in critically ill patients]. Anesteziologia a intenzivna medicina. 2015 Aug;4(1):8-11. Slovak.

Garcia-Magana L, Rodriguez-Santiago MA, Grano-Maldonado MI, Jimenez-Vasconcelos L, Guerra-Santos J. The effectiveness of sodium chloride and formalin in trichodiniasis of farmed freshwater tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in southeastern Mexico. Lat Am J Aquat Res. 2019 Mar;47(1):164-74.

Haluzova I, Modra H, Blahova J, Marsalek P, Siroka Z, Groch L, Svobodova Z. Effects of subchronic exposure to Spartakus (prochloraz) on common carp Cyprinus carpio. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010;31(Suppl 2):105-13. PubMed

Hashimoto JC, Paschoal JAR, de Queiroz JF, Reyes FGR. Considerations on the use of malachite green in aquaculture and analytical aspects of determining the residues in fish: A review. J Aquat Food Prod Technol. 2011 Jul;20(3):273-94.

Lieke T, Meinelt T, Hoseinifar SH, Pan B. Sustainable aquaculture requires environmental-friendly treatment strategies for fish diseases. Rev Aquac. 2019 Jun;12(5):1-23.

Maciel PO, Garcia F, Chagas EC, Fujimoto RY, Tavares-Dias M. Trichodinidae in commercial fish in South America. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. 2018 Jul;28(1):33-56.

Nebesky V, Policar T, Blecha M, Kristan J, Svacina P. Trends in import and export of fishery products in the Czech Republic during 2010–2015. Aquacult Int. 2016 Dec;24(6):1657-68.

Noga EJ. Fish disease. Diagnosis and treatment. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 1995. 367 p.

Palikova M, Piackova V, Navratil S, Zuskova E, Papezikova I, Kolarova J, Pojezdal L, Dykova I, Scholz T, Gelnar M, Svobodova Z, Rehulkova E, Mares J, Modra H, Blazek R, Vesely T. Nemoci a chorobne stavy ryb [Diseases and pathological conditions of fish]. Vodnany: Jihoceska univerzita v Ceskych Budejovicich, Fakulta rybarstvi a ochrany vod; 2019. 462 p. Czech.

Pedersen LF, Pedersen PB, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH. Peracetic acid degradation and effects on nitrification in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture. 2009 Nov;296(3-4):246-54.

Sellose PM, Rowland SJ. Use of common salt to treat ichthyophthiriasis in Australian warmwater fishes. Progress Fish Cult. 1990 Apr;52(2):124-7.

Svobodova Z, Kolarova J, Navratil S, Vesely T, Chloupek T, Tesarcik J, Citek J. Nemoci sladkovodnich a akvarijnich ryb [Diseases of freshwater and aquarium fish]. 4

Svobodova Z, Pravda D, Modra H. Metody hematologickeho vysetrovani ryb [Methods for the haematological examination of fish]. Vodnany: Jihoceska univerzita v Ceskych Budejovicich, Fakulta rybarstvi a ochrany vod; 2012. 38 p. Czech.

Tavares-Dias M. Toxicity, physiological, histopathological and antiparasitic effects of the formalin, a chemotherapeutic of fish aquaculture. Aquac Res. 2021;52(5):1803-23.

Valavanidis A, Vlahogianni T, Dassenakis M, Scoullos M. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2006 Jun;64(2):178-89. PubMed

Valeta J, Likongwe J, Kassam D, Maluwa A, Chirwa B. Assessment of apparent effectiveness of chemical egg disinfectants for improved artificial hatching in Oreochromis karongae (Pisces: Cichlidae). African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev. 2016 Nov;16(4):11404-14.