Stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR) for ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a non-invasive treatment modality to reduce the VT burden by delivering a single high radiation dose to the arrhythmogenic substrate. Identification and delineation of the arrhythmogenic substrate, definition of the radiation target, and transfer of this target across different imaging modalities from the invasive electroanatomic map (EAM) to the planning computed tomography (CT) scan are key to the success of therapeutic radiation. The VT substrate is identified using EAM data and co-localized with radiological correlates of the ventricular scar. Precise transfer to the non-ECG-gated treatment planning CT is essential for safe and effective STAR delivery. Current challenges include translating the endocardial or epicardial EAM surface target into a 3D cardiac target volume (CTV), reconciling different acquisition methods (e.g., (exhale-gated) EAM, contrast-enhanced ECG-gated CT angiography, and non-gated non-contrast planning CT), and achieving accurate CTV transfer using multi-modal image integration. Early approaches relied on manual delineation using side-by-side EAM and CT rendering, leading to poor reproducibility and potential treatment failure. Emerging (semi)auto-segmentation software based on the American Heart Association (AHA) 17-segment left ventricular model offers promise but lacks standardized weighing of identified segments and methods for handling partially involved segments. More recently, 2D-to-3D and 3D-to-3D target transfer methods, including commercial and in-house computer-aided tools, have been developed to address these difficulties. Currently, a standardized workflow has not been established. This review addresses the need to standardize CTV definitions and transfer workflows, assessing available tools and proposing quality assurance measures based on recommendations of the STOPSTORM.eu consortium.

Department of Cardiology IKEM Prague Czech Republic

Department of Cardiology Lausanne University Hospital CHUV Lausanne Switzerland

Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands

Department of Cardiology Maastricht University Medical Center Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands

Department of Oncology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Radiation Oncology GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands

Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany

Department of Radiation Oncology University Medical Center Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany; DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim Germany

Department of Radiation Oncology University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein Kiel Germany

Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center CARIM Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands

Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Graz Graz Austria

Heart Center Department of Cardiology Amsterdam University Medical Center Amsterdam the Netherlands; Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Amsterdam the Netherlands

Institute of Robotics and Cognitive Systems University of Luebeck Luebeck Germany

St Bernhard Krankenhaus Hildesheim Germany

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