Phytoremediation is a plant-driven process, widely regarded as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly in situ approach for remediating contaminated soil and water by taking up contaminants including potentially toxic elements (PTEs). In the last two decades, substantial research has focused on elucidating the mechanisms of phytoremediation and enhancing its efficiency, primarily through the identification of optimal plant species and the use of various amendments. Nevertheless, real-scale application of phytoremediation remains rare, and several critical questions need to be addressed, including selection of most effective species, improved effectiveness of phytoremediation process, and managing the safe utilisation of contaminated biomass. This review specifically focuses on phytoremediation of potentially toxic metals and metalloids in major metallophyte groups (wild herbaceous species, trees, and agricultural crops) recognizing the most efficient species for the anthropogenically influenced soils in Europe. It summarises the current state of knowledge regarding the use of respective plant species, highlighting the phytoremediation efficiency, critically examining existing and novel phytoremediation enhancement strategies and biomass utilisation pathways for each particular group. Future perspectives and research needed to refine the efficiency and economic viability of the phytoremediation process in Europe lay in better recognition of underlying physiological mechanism for metal stress tolerance, particularly among the most effective species and genera, application of synergistic enhancing techniques for delineated group of metallophytes and development of sustainable and cost-effective biomass utilisation routes.

Department of Ecology Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković National Institute of the Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade Bulevar despota Stefana 142 11108 Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo Zmaja Od Bosne 8 71000 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics University of Tuzla Urfeta Vejzagića 4 75000 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina

Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 5 Prague 2 128 44 Czech Republic

Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials Boulevard Franchet d'Esperey 86 11000 Belgrade Serbia

Institute of Environmental Protection Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universitetas VILNIUS TECH Saulėtekio al 11 10223 Vilniaus Lithuania

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops National Institute of the Republic of Serbia Maksima Gorkog 30 21101 Novi Sad Serbia

Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA Theophrastou Str 41335 Larissa Greece

Institute of Physics Belgrade National Institute of the Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade Pregrevica 118 11000 Belgrade Serbia

Instituto Geológico y Minero de España Matemático Pedrayes 25 33005 Oviedo Spain

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics Hyderabad Patancheru 502324 Telangana India

ISPA Bordeaux Sciences Agro INRAE 33140 Villenave d'Ornon France

Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany

National Polytechnic University of Armenia 105 Teryan St 0009 Yerevan Armenia

Unité Technologies Propres et Economie Circulaire INERIS Parc Technologique Alata BP2 60550 Verneuil en Halatte France

University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia

University of Padua Viale Dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Italy

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