The natural product colchicine (Col) is a medication used to treat severe inflammatory conditions. Although its mechanism of action at the level of the cytoskeleton is known, its subcellular distribution has not yet been properly studied. In this work, we present the first rational approach to assess the intracellular localization and biological activity of this alkaloid. We conjugated Col to green-emitting BODIPY dyes (CBs) with alternative linkers of different lengths (CB1-CB12) via different types of linkages. Connections of Col with BODIPY generally reduced its cytotoxicity to different levels depending on the type of linker. From the analysis of CB effects on cytotoxicity, cell cycle, and tubulin polymerization, we selected the most potent substances for fluorescence microscopy. Treatment of cells with 10 μM conjugates for 15 h showed different effects on microtubule organization. Live-cell imaging revealed that CBs rapidly associated with cellular membranes. Double label experiments unveiled that the CB4, which was the most effective in inhibiting tubulin polymerization, binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. In silico modeling and SPR analyses confirmed the high potency of CB4 to bind to the colchicine site on tubulin.

Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Praha 6 CZ 166 28 Czech Republic

Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Praha 4 CZ 142 20 Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Praha 6 CZ 166 28 Czech Republic

Department of Food Science Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 Praha 6 CZ 165 00 Czech Republic

Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc Hněvotínská 1333 5 Olomouc CZ 779 00 Czech Republic

Laboratory of Experimental Medicine IMTM University Hospital Olomouc Hněvotínská 976 3 Olomouc CZ 779 00 Czech Republic

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