BACKGROUND: Questionnaires remain the most feasible method for large-scale physical activity (PA) surveillance. However, previous systematic reviews concluded that existing questionnaires had unsatisfactory psychometric properties. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to summarize and evaluate the measurement properties of self- and proxy-reported physical activity (PA) measures in children and adolescents published between 2018 and July 2024, thereby updating a previous review. This review also aimed to recommend the best available questionnaire(s) for young children (age < 6 years), children (age ≥ 6 to < 12 years), and adolescents (age ≥ 12 to < 18 years). METHODS: The COnsensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Guidelines for Systematic Reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures were followed for conducting and reporting this systematic review. PubMed, EMBASE, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for papers published between 2018 and July 2024. The peer-reviewed papers were included if published in Arabic, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Hindi, Nepali, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish or Thai and assessed at least one of the measurement properties of self- or proxy-reported PA measures in young children, children, and adolescents. Papers were excluded if they measured PA with interview or diary or reported construct validity against non-PA measures (e.g., body mass index). The results of studies from the previous systematic review that reported test-retest reliability and construct validity of the questionnaires included in this systematic review were added to the pooled qualitative analyses and meta-analyses. RESULTS: A total of 106 papers were included which reported 177 studies related to content validity (n = 31), construct validity including hypotheses testing (n = 80), test-retest reliability (n = 65), and responsiveness (n = 1) of 71 questionnaires. None of the included questionnaires met the COSMIN criteria for sufficient content validity. Questionnaires with satisfactory construct validity (correlation r ≥ 0.4) were found in young children (n = 2; e.g., the Outdoor Playtime Recall), children (n = 2; e.g., Self-rating Scale of Physical Activity Intensity for Preschool Children), and adolescents (n = 8; e.g., the Spanish version of Physical Activity Unit 7 Item Screener, the Czech version of Youth Activity Profile). Questionnaires with sufficient test-retest reliability (≥ 0.7) were found in young children (n = 2; e.g., the Movement Behaviour Questionnaire for Baby and Children), children (n = 3; e.g., Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors in the Feel4Diabetes Study), and adolescents (n = 5; e.g., the 24-Hour Movement Behavior Questionnaire). The Physical Activity Questionnaire for older Children and Adolescents had sufficient test-retest reliability based on pooled qualitative analysis and meta-analyses. The best available questionnaires were the Outdoor Playtime Recall (for young children) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children and Adolescents for children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: This systematic review update did not identify a PA questionnaire that met COSMIN standards for both construct validity and test-retest reliability, partly due to the low methodological quality of the studies. Researchers should improve the methodological rigor of future psychometric studies, particularly for content validity, by adopting standardized guidelines (e.g., COSMIN). We also recommend: (1) using comparator tools that have demonstrated reliable measurement properties in populations similar to the target group; (2) formulating hypotheses in advance to confirm construct validity; (3) selecting appropriate intervals between test and retest and ensuring consistent test conditions; and (4) providing evidence of PA stability between test and retest. Lastly, when developing questionnaires to measure total PA, researchers should include all relevant domains of PA and assess their relevance during the content validation process.

Department of Pediatrics University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1H 8L1 Canada

Department of Physical Education Sports Center Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina 88040 900 Brazil

Faculty of Health Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4 Canada

Faculty of Physical Culture Palacký University Olomouc Tr Míru 117 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group CHEO Research Institute Ottawa ON K1H 8L1 Canada

School of Medicine Universidad de Los Andes Cra 1 18ª 12 Bogotá Colombia

School of Physical Education Shanghai University of Sport Yangpu District Shanghai 200438 China

See more in PubMed

Sallis JF, Bull F, Guthold R, Heath GW, Inoue S, Kelly P, et al. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1325–36. PubMed

van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Crochemore-Silva I, Guthold R, Ha A, Lubans D, et al. Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: current evidence and opportunities for intervention. Lancet. 2021;398:429–42. PubMed PMC

Aubert S, Barnes JD, Abdeta C, Abi Nader P, Adeniyi AF, Aguilar-Farias N, et al. Global matrix 3.0 physical activity report card grades for children and youth: results and analysis from 49 countries. J Phys Act Health. 2018;15(2):251-S73.

Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23–35. PubMed PMC

Tremblay MS, Gray CE, Akinroye K, Harrington DM, Katzmarzyk PT, Lambert EV, et al. Physical activity of children: a global matrix of grades comparing 15 countries. J Phys Act Health. 2014;11(Suppl 1):S113–25. PubMed

Tremblay MS, Barnes JD, Gonzalez SA, Katzmarzyk PT, Onywera VO, Reilly JJ, et al. Global matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11 Suppl 2):S343–66. PubMed

Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451–62. PubMed

Aubert S, Barnes JD, Demchenko I, Hawthorne M, Abdeta C, Abi Nader P, et al. Global matrix 4.0 physical activity report card grades for children and adolescents: results and analyses from 57 countries. J Phys Act Health. 2022;19(11):700–28. PubMed

Sallis JF, Bull F, Guthold R, Heath GW, Inoue S, Kelly P, et al. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet. 2016;388:1325–36.

Tremblay MS, Chaput J-P, Adamo KB, Aubert S, Barnes JD, Choquette L, et al. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for the early years (0–4 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:1–32.

Arts J, Drotos E, Singh AS, Chinapaw MJM, Altenburg TM, Gubbels JS. Correlates of physical activity in 0- to 5-year-olds: a systematic umbrella review and consultation of international researchers. Sports Med. 2023;53(1):215–40. PubMed

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29. PubMed PMC

World Health O. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization; 2018.

Andersen LB, Riddoch C, Kriemler S, Hills AP. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):871–6. PubMed

Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Kho ME, Saunders TJ, Larouche R, Colley RC, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011.

Koedijk JB, van Rijswijk J, Oranje WA, van den Bergh JP, Bours SP, Savelberg HH, et al. Sedentary behaviour and bone health in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(9):2507–19. PubMed PMC

Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Cadenas-Sánchez C, Estévez-López F, Muñoz NE, Mora-Gonzalez J, Migueles JH, et al. Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2019;49:1383–410. PubMed

Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, Chaput JP, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism: Canadian Science Publishing; 2016. p. S240-S65.

Saunders TJ, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, Chaput JP, Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep: Relationships with health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S283–93. PubMed

Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Physical education, school physical activity, school sports and academic performance. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5(1):10. PubMed PMC

Dwyer T, Sallis JF, Blizzard L, Lazarus R, Dean K. Relation of academic performance to physical activity and fitness in children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2001;13(3):225–37.

Garcia L, Mendonca G, Benedetti TRB, Borges LJ, Streit IA, Christofoletti M, et al. Barriers and facilitators of domain-specific physical activity: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1964. PubMed PMC

Reilly JJ, Penpraze V, Hislop J, Davies G, Grant S, Paton JY. Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: review with new data. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(7):614–9. PubMed

Pedisic Z, Bauman A. Accelerometer-based measures in physical activity surveillance: current practices and issues. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(4):219–23. PubMed

Sherar LB, Griew P, Esliger DW, Cooper AR, Ekelund U, Judge K, et al. International children’s accelerometry database (ICAD): design and methods. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):485. PubMed PMC

Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, Champagne CM, Chaput JP, Fogelholm M, et al. The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE): design and methods. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):900. PubMed PMC

Cardon G, Salmon J. Why have youth physical activity trends flatlined in the last decade? Opinion piece on “Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants.” J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(4):335–8. PubMed PMC

Hidding LM, Chinapaw MJM, van Poppel MNM, Mokkink LB, Altenburg TM. An updated systematic review of childhood physical activity questionnaires. Sports Med. 2018;48(12):2797–842. PubMed PMC

Chinapaw MJ, Mokkink LB, van Poppel MN, van Mechelen W, Terwee CB. Physical activity questionnaires for youth: a systematic review of measurement properties. Sports Med. 2010;40(7):539–63. PubMed

Aubert S, Brazo-Sayavera J, Gonzalez SA, Janssen I, Manyanga T, Oyeyemi AL, et al. Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: a narrative review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):81. PubMed PMC

Sallis JF, Pate RR. Creating the future of physical activity surveillance in the united states: better data for better health. J Phys Act Health. 2021;18(S1):S1–5. PubMed

Reilly JJ, Aubert S, Brazo-Sayavera J, Liu Y, Cagas JY, Tremblay MS. Surveillance to improve physical activity of children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2022;100(12):815–24. PubMed PMC

Prinsen CAC, Mokkink LB, Bouter LM, Alonso J, Patrick DL, de Vet HCW, et al. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1147–57. PubMed PMC

Mokkink LB, de Vet HCW, Prinsen CAC, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, et al. COSMIN risk of bias checklist for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1171–9. PubMed

Sullivan MH, Sommer EC, Schlundt D, Shinall JB, Haws KL, Bonnet KR, et al. Development of brief child nutrition and physical activity screening questions for electronic health record use. Child Obes. 2020;16(7):488–98. PubMed PMC

Terwee CB, Prinsen CAC, Chiarotto A, Westerman MJ, Patrick DL, Alonso J, et al. COSMIN methodology for evaluating the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures: a Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1159–70. PubMed PMC

Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):737–45. PubMed

Chiarotto A, Ostelo RW, Boers M, Terwee CB. A systematic review highlights the need to investigate the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures for physical functioning in patients with low back pain. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;95:73–93. PubMed

Hidding LM, Chinapaw MJM, Belmon LS, Altenburg TM. Co-creating a 24-hour movement behavior tool together with 9–12-year-old children using mixed-methods: MyDailyMoves. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):63. PubMed PMC

Mehreen TS, Ranjani H, Anitha C, Jagannathan N, Pratt M, Mohan V, et al. Reliability and validity of a physical activity questionnaire for Indian children and adolescents. Indian Pediatr. 2020;57(8):707–11. PubMed

Ssewanyana D, van Baar A, Newton CR, Abubakar A. A contextually relevant approach to assessing health risk behavior in a rural sub-Saharan Africa setting: the Kilifi health risk behavior questionnaire. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):774. PubMed PMC

Wrzochal A, Suliga E. Physical activity of children with Down syndrome—preliminary validation of a questionnaire. Med Stud. 2020;36(2):126–33.

Young JA, Hand BN, Onate JA, Valasek AE. Clinical utility and validity of exercise vital sign in children. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2022;21(1):28–33. PubMed

Mosha MV, Kasagama E, Ayieko P, Todd J, Msuya SE, Grosskurth H, et al. Validation of self-reported physical activity by accelerometry among primary school children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a pilot study. AAS Open Research. 2020;3:1–26.

Tucker CA, Bevans KB, Becker BD, Teneralli R, Forrest CB. Development of the PROMIS pediatric physical activity item banks. Phys Ther. 2020;100(8):1393–410. PubMed PMC

Hooke MC, Neumann J, Tucker CA. Testing the child PROMIS physical activity measurement in youth attending a large community event. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2021;33(1):32–6. PubMed

Singh A, DasGupta M, Simpson PM, Panepinto JA. Use of the new pediatric PROMIS measures of pain and physical experiences for children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(5): e27633. PubMed

Lai JS, Kallen MA, Blackwell CK, Wakschlag LS, Cella D. Psychometric considerations in developing PROMIS(R) measures for early childhood. J Pediatr Psychol. 2022;47(5):510–22. PubMed PMC

Vila-Nova F, Oliveira R, Cordovil R. Cross-cultural validation of children’s assessment of participation and enjoyment Portuguese version. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:33. PubMed PMC

Jakubec L, Dygrýn J, Šimůnek A, Frömel K. Validity of the original algorithm for assessing physical activity and sedentary behavior from the Youth Activity Profile in Czech children and adolescents. Tělesná kultura. 2020;42(2):62–9.

Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Taylor WC. A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(5):963–75. PubMed

Pate RR, Ross R, Dowda M, Trost SG, Sirard JR. Validation of a 3-day physical activity recall instrument in female youth. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2003;15(3):257–65.

Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–95. PubMed

Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE, Faulkner RA. Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;9(2):174–86.

Crocker PR, Bailey DA, Faulkner RA, Kowalski KC, McGrath R. Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(10):1344–9. PubMed

Prochaska JJ, Sallis JF, Long B. A physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(5):554–9. PubMed

Telford A, Salmon J, Jolley D, Crawford D. Reliability and validity of physical activity questionnaires for children: the Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey (CLASS). Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2004;16(1):64–78.

Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985;10(3):141–6. PubMed

Tucker CA, Bevans KB, Teneralli RE, Smith AW, Bowles HR, Forrest CB. Self-reported pediatric measures of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and strength impact for PROMIS: item development. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2014;26(4):385–92. PubMed PMC

Saint-Maurice PF, Welk GJ. Validity and calibration of the youth activity profile. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12): e0143949. PubMed PMC

Floden A, Brostrom EW, von Heideken J, Rostlund S, Nilsson R, Lowing K, et al. A qualitative study examining the validity and comprehensibility of physical activity items: developed and tested in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2019;17(1):16. PubMed PMC

Pate RR, McIver KL, Dowda M, Schenkelberg MA, Beets MV, Distefano C. EASY-an instrument for surveillance of physical activity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(6):1216–23. PubMed PMC

Goncalves WSF, Byrne R, de Lira PIC, Viana MT, Trost SG. Psychometric properties of instruments to measure parenting practices and children’s movement behaviors in low-income families from Brazil. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2021;21(1):129. PubMed PMC

Zhang Z, Predy M, Kuzik N, Hewitt L, Hesketh KD, Pritchard L, et al. Validity of an infant tummy time questionnaire and time-use diary against the GENEActiv accelerometer. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2021;26(1):27–38.

Martín-Bello C, Casajús GV-RA, Gómez-Bruton A. Validación de los cuestionarios PAQ-C e IPAQ-A en niños/as en edad escolar. Cultura Ciencia y Deporte. 2020;15(44):177–87.

Damasceno V, Lima J, Gonçalves R, Vianna J, Werneck F, Amorin P, et al. Concurrent validity and reliability of 3-day physical activity recall on daily energy expenditure in children and adolescents. Hum Mov. 2021;22(2):93–101.

Luo D-M, Yao T-C, Qu S, Zhao X, Zhou J-l. Development and application of self-rating scale of physical activity intensity for preschool children. J Beijing Sport Univ. 2019(42).

Wyszynska J, Matlosz P, Podgorska-Bednarz J, Herbert J, Przednowek K, Baran J, et al. Adaptation and validation of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A) among Polish adolescents: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11): e030567. PubMed PMC

de Castro JAC, de Lima LRA, Larouche R, Tremblay MS, Silva DAS. Physical activity questionnaire for children: validity and cut-points to identify sufficient levels of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2024;36(1):30–6. PubMed

Schroder H, Subirana I, Warnberg J, Medrano M, Gonzalez-Gross M, Gusi N, et al. Validity, reliability, and calibration of the physical activity unit 7 item screener (PAU-7S) at population scale. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):98. PubMed PMC

Hozumi T, Akagi R, Fabricant PD, Teratani T, Kimura S, Yamaguchi S, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the japanese version of the hospital for special surgery pediatric functional activity brief scale (HSS Pedi-FABS). Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10(8):23259671221113284. PubMed PMC

Anibal Mamani-Ramos A, Froilan Damian-Nuñez E, Gerardo Inga-Arias M, Alber Quisocala-Ramos J, Torres-Cruz F, Wyly Dextre-Mendoza C, et al. Cuestionario de actividad física para escolares (CAFE): Fiabilidad y validez de una nueva propuesta según las directrices de la OMS. Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación. 2024;51:615–25.

Aranda-Balboa MJ, Fernandez M, Villa-Gonzalez E, Murillo-Pardo B, Segura-Diaz JM, Saucedo-Araujo RG, et al. Psychometric characteristics of a commuting-to-school behaviour questionnaire for families. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:22.

Trost SG, Terranova CO, Brookes DSK, Chai LK, Byrne RA. Reliability and validity of rapid assessment tools for measuring 24-hour movement behaviours in children aged 0–5 years: the movement behaviour questionnaire baby (MBQ-B) and child (MBQ-C). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2024;21(1):43. PubMed PMC

Anastasiou CA, Fappa E, Zachari K, Mavrogianni C, Van Stappen V, Kivela J, et al. Development and reliability of questionnaires for the assessment of diet and physical activity behaviors in a multi-country sample in Europe the Feel4Diabetes Study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20(Suppl 1):135. PubMed PMC

Escobar-Gómez D, Rodriguez-Rodríguez F, Villa-González E, Esteban-Cornejo I, Chillón P. Fiabilidad y viabilidad de un cuestionario autorreportado sobre el modo, tiempo y distancia de desplazamiento en niños y adolescentes (Reliability and feasibility of a self-reported questionnaire on the mode, time and distance of commuting in children an. Retos. 2019;37:379–85.

Segura-Diaz JM, Rojas-Jimenez A, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Murillo-Pardo B, Saucedo-Araujo RG, Aranda-Balboa MJ, et al. Feasibility and reliability of a questionnaire to assess the mode, frequency, distance and time of commuting to and from school: the PACO study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:14.

Song Y, Yoon YJ, Lee HJ, Kim YS, Spence JC, Jeon JY. Development of a 24-hour movement behavior questionnaire for youth: process and reliability testing. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2021;53(12):1081–9. PubMed

Aygun Polat E, Atalay GÜZel N, Kafa N. Reliability, validity and cross-cultural adaptation of the Turkish version of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2021;32(2):132–40.

Bacil EDA, Piola TS, Watanabe PI, Silva MPD, Legnani RFS, Campos W. Reproducibility of a questionnaire on physical activity among school students from 9 to 15 years of age. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23(11):3841–8. PubMed

Colley RC, Butler G, Garriguet D, Prince SA, Roberts KC. Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity among Canadian youth. Health Rep. 2019;30(7):3–12. PubMed

Prieto-Botella D, Valera-Gran D, Santa-Marina L, Babarro I, Subiza-Perez M, Casas M, et al. Validation of a parent-reported physical activity questionnaire by accelerometry in european children aged from 6 to 12 years old. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:15.

Nigg CR, Burg X, Lohse B, Cunningham-Sabo L. Accelerometry and self-report are congruent for children’s moderate-to-vigorous and higher intensity physical activity. JMBP. 2021;4(2):187–94.

Cuberek R, Janikova M, Dygryn J. Adaptation and validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) among Czech children. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1): e0245256. PubMed PMC

van der Kamp MR, Nieuwdorp BW, Thio BJ, Tabak M, Kamps AWA, Hermens HJ, et al. Can the childhood physical activity questionnaire be used to identify physical activity levels in children with asthma? Front Pediatr. 2021;9: 726695. PubMed PMC

Kunicki ZJ, Kattelmann KK, Olfert MD, Franzen-Castle L, Colby SE, Mathews DR, et al. Dyadic analysis of a self-report physical activity measure for adult-youth dyads. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53(3):440–7. PubMed

Baddou I, El Harchaoui I, Benjeddou K, Reilly JJ, El Menchawy I, El Hamdouchi A. Cut-point values for classifying active children and validity and reliability of physical activity questionnaire for children in Morocco. Child Care Health Dev. 2023;49(6):1058–65. PubMed

Fillon A, Pereira B, Vanhelst J, Baran J, Masurier J, Guirado T, et al. Development of the children and adolescents physical activity and sedentary questionnaire (CAPAS-Q): psychometric validity and clinical interpretation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13782. PubMed PMC

Byrne R, Terranova CO, Chai LK, Brookes DSK, Trost SG. Cognitive testing of items measuring movement behaviours in young children aged zero to five years: development of the movement behaviour questionnaires for -baby (MBQ-B) and -child (MBQ-C). Children (Basel). 2023;10(9):1554. PubMed

Dere T, Serel Arslan S, Alemdaroglu-Gurbuz I. Validity and reliability of the turkish version of the early activity scale for endurance in preschool children with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil. 2023;26(2):101–8. PubMed

Erdim L, Ergun A, Kuguoglu S. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C). Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49(1):162–9. PubMed PMC

Isa T, Sawa R, Torizawa K, Murata S, Saito T, Ebina A, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the physical activity questionnaire for older children. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2019;13:1179556519835833. PubMed PMC

Venetsanou F, Emmanouilidou K, Soutos K, Sotiriou SA, Bastida L, Moya A, et al. Towards a functional approach to the assessment of daily life physical activity in children: are the PAQ-C and fitbit flex-2 technically adequate? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:22.

Benitez-Porres J, Lopez-Fernandez I, Raya JF, Alvarez Carnero S, Alvero-Cruz JR, Alvarez CE. Reliability and validity of the PAQ-C questionnaire to assess physical activity in children. J Sch Health. 2016;86(9):677–85. PubMed

Wang JJ, Baranowski T, Lau WP, Chen TA, Pitkethly AJ. Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) among Chinese children. Biomed Environ Sci. 2016;29(3):177–86. PubMed

Storey KE, McCargar LJ. Reliability and validity of Web-SPAN, a web-based method for assessing weight status, diet and physical activity in youth. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2012;25(1):59–68. PubMed

Makai A, Premusz V, Dozsa-Juhasz O, Fodor-Mazzag K, Melczer C, Acs P. Examination of physical activity patterns of children, reliability and structural validity testing of the hungarian version of the PAQ-C questionnaire. Children. 2023;10(9):1547. PubMed PMC

Pratanaphon S, Longlalerng K, Jitmana J, Chaikla K, Nankanya T, Pirunsan U, et al. Content validity and psychometric characteristics of the Thai translated version of the physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A). J Assoc Med Sci. 2020;53(3):84–91.

Naseer S, Zaheer S, Shafique K. Validity and reliability of modified PAQ-A and LTEQ in adolescents of Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka. 2020.

Biddle SJ, Gorely T, Pearson N, Bull FC. An assessment of self-reported physical activity instruments in young people for population surveillance: Project ALPHA. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8(1):1. PubMed PMC

Andarge E, Trevethan R, Fikadu T. Assessing the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A): specific and general insights from an ethiopian context. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:5511728. PubMed PMC

Rahayu A, abcde S, Arovah N. The validity and reliability of the physical activity questionnaires (PAQ-A) among Indonesian adolescents during online and blended learning schooling. 2022.

Koh D, Zainudin NH, Zawi MK. Validity and reliability of the modified physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A) among Malaysian youth. Int J Hum Mov Sports Sci. 2020;8:96.

Gagnier JJ, Lai J, Mokkink LB, Terwee CB. COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2021;30(8):2197–218. PubMed

Bassil K, Zabkiewicz D. Health research methods: a Canadian perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014.

Shephard RJ. Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(3):197–206. PubMed PMC

Tremblay MS, Inman JW, Willms JD. Preliminary evaluation of a video questionnaire to assess activity levels of children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2139–44. PubMed

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6. PubMed PMC

Mokkink LB, Prinsen CA, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, Vet HCd, et al. COSMIN Study Design checklist for Patient-reported outcome measurement instruments. 2019.

Hewitt L, Stanley RM, Cliff D, Okely AD. Objective measurement of tummy time in infants (0–6 months): a validation study. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(2): e0210977. PubMed PMC

Ahmadi MN, Pavey TG, Trost SG. Machine learning models for classifying physical activity in free-living preschool children. Sensors. 2020;20:16.

Mwase-Vuma TW, Janssen X, Okely AD, Tremblay MS, Draper CE, Florindo AA, et al. Validity of low-cost measures for global surveillance of physical activity in pre-school children: the SUNRISE validation study. J Sci Med Sport. 2022;25(12):1002–7. PubMed

Schofield WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985;39(Suppl 1):5–41. PubMed

Schaefer CA, Nigg CR, Hill JO, Brink LA, Browning RC. Establishing and evaluating wrist cutpoints for the GENEActiv accelerometer in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(4):826–33. PubMed PMC

Valenciano Valcárcel J, Jiménez-Loaisa A, Rieiro I, Martínez-Martínez J. Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C): assessing moderate-to-vigorous or total physical activity? Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2022;27(1):32–42.

Evenson KR, Catellier DJ, Gill K, Ondrak KS, McMurray RG. Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(14):1557–65. PubMed

Ben Jemaa H, Mankai A, Mahjoub F, Kortobi B, Khlifi S, Draoui J, et al. Physical activity level assessed by accelerometer and PAQ-C in Tunisian children. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;73(3):234–40. PubMed

Everson B, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA, Todd C, Stratton G. Can wearable cameras be used to validate school-aged children’s lifestyle behaviours? Children (Basel). 2019;6:2.

Tanaka C, Kyan A, Takakura M, Olds T, Schranz N, Tanaka S. Validation of the physical activity questions in the world health organization health behavior in school-aged children survey using accelerometer data in Japanese children and adolescents. J Phys Act Health. 2021;18(2):151–6. PubMed

Mosha MV, Kasagama E, Ayieko P, Todd J, Msuya SE, Grosskurth H, et al. Description and comparison of physical activity from self-reports and accelerometry among primary school children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a pilot study. AAS Open Res. 2020;3:40. PubMed

Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J. Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):777–81. PubMed

Freedson P, Pober D, Janz KF. Calibration of accelerometer output for children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(11 Suppl):S523–30. PubMed

Welk GJ, Saint-Maurice PF, Dixon PM, Hibbing PR, Bai Y, McLoughlin GM, et al. Calibration of the online youth activity profile assessment for school-based applications. J Meas Phys Behav. 2021;4(3):236–46. PubMed PMC

Saint-Maurice PF, Kim Y, Welk GJ, Gaesser GA. Kids are not little adults: what MET threshold captures sedentary behavior in children? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(1):29–38. PubMed

Chandler JL, Brazendale K, Beets MW, Mealing BA. Classification of physical activity intensities using a wrist-worn accelerometer in 8–12-year-old children. Pediatr Obes. 2016;11(2):120–7. PubMed

Crouter SE, Horton M, Bassett DR Jr. Use of a two-regression model for estimating energy expenditure in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(6):1177–85. PubMed PMC

Hildebrand M, Vanh VT, Hansen BH, Ekelund U. Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist- and hip-worn monitors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(9):1816–24. PubMed

Hildebrand M, Hansen BH, van Hees VT, Ekelund U. Evaluation of raw acceleration sedentary thresholds in children and adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(12):1814–23. PubMed

Algheryafi RA, Bevans KB, Hiremath SV, Lai JS, Tucker CA. Convergent validity of the patient reported outcome measurement information system-pediatric physical activity instrument (PROMIS((R))-PA) with wearable devices in adolescents. Children (Basel). 2023;10(6):940. PubMed

Koning M, de Jong A, de Jong E, Visscher TLS, Seidell JC, Renders CM. Agreement between parent and child report of physical activity, sedentary and dietary behaviours in 9–12-year-old children and associations with children’s weight status. BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):14. PubMed PMC

Khosravi A, Kelishadi R, Selk-Ghaffari M, Hassanmirzaei B, Kordi R. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the the Persian Version of Thailand Physical Activity Children Survey Questionnaire. Int J Prev Med. 2022;13:113. PubMed PMC

Ziaei R, Dastgiri S, Soares J, Baybordi E, Zeinalzade AH, Rahimi VA, et al. Reliability and validity of the persian version of global school-based student health survey adapted for Iranian school students. J Clin Res Govern. 2014;3:2.

Stracciolini A, Berbert L, Nohelty E, Zwicker R, Weller E, Sugimoto D, et al. Attitudes and behaviors of physical activity in children: findings from the play, lifestyle & activity in youth (PLAY) questionnaire. PM R. 2022;14(5):535–50. PubMed

Onywera VO, Larouche R, Oyeyemi AL, Prista A, Akinroye KK, Heyker S, et al. Development and convergent validity of new self-administered questionnaires of active transportation in three African countries: Kenya, Mozambique and Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1018. PubMed PMC

Dodd HF, Nesbit RJ, Maratchi LR. Development and evaluation of a new measure of children’s play: the Children’s Play Scale (CPS). BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):878. PubMed PMC

Chinapaw MJ, Slootmaker SM, Schuit AJ, van Zuidam M, van Mechelen W. Reliability and validity of the activity questionnaire for adults and adolescents (AQuAA). BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9:58. PubMed PMC

Yang X, Jago R, Zhai Y, Yang ZY, Wang YY, Si X, et al. Validity and reliability of Chinese physical activity questionnaire for children aged 10–17 years. Biomed Environ Sci. 2019;32(9):647–58. PubMed

Vanhelst J, Beghin L, Turck D, Gottrand F. New validated thresholds for various intensities of physical activity in adolescents using the Actigraph accelerometer. Int J Rehabil Res. 2011;34(2):175–7. PubMed

Sasaki JE, John D, Freedson PS. Validation and comparison of ActiGraph activity monitors. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(5):411–6. PubMed

Beldo SK, Aars NA, Christoffersen T, Furberg AS, Halvorsen PA, Hansen BH, et al. Criterion validity of the saltin-grimby physical activity level scale in adolescents: the fit futures study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9): e0273480. PubMed PMC

Lavelle G, Noorkoiv M, Theis N, Korff T, Kilbride C, Baltzopoulos V, et al. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF) as a measure of physical activity (PA) in young people with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study. Physiotherapy. 2020;107:209–15. PubMed

Trost SG, Fragala-Pinkham M, Lennon N, O’Neil ME. Decision trees for detection of activity intensity in youth with cerebral palsy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(5):958–66. PubMed PMC

Alkhraiji MH, Barker AR, Williams CA. Reliability and validity of using the global school-based student health survey to assess 24 hour movement behaviours in adolescents from Saudi Arabia. J Sports Sci. 2022;40(14):1578–86. PubMed

Phillips LR, Parfitt G, Rowlands AV. Calibration of the GENEA accelerometer for assessment of physical activity intensity in children. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(2):124–8. PubMed

O’Halloran P, Sullivan C, Staley K, Nicholson M, Randle E, Bauman A, et al. Measuring change in adolescent physical activity: responsiveness of a single item. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(6): e0268459. PubMed PMC

Nashandi HL, Reilly JJ, Janssen X. Public health surveillance of habitual physical activity in adolescents and adults in Namibia: a cross-sectional validation of activity questionnaires against accelerometry. J Public Health (Oxf). 2021;43(4):e706–12. PubMed

Trost SG, Loprinzi PD, Moore R, Pfeiffer KA. Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1360–8. PubMed

Puyau MR, Adolph AL, Vohra FA, Zakeri I, Butte NF. Prediction of activity energy expenditure using accelerometers in children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(9):1625–31. PubMed

Fairclough SJ, Christian DL, Saint-Maurice PF, Hibbing PR, Noonan RJ, Welk GJ, et al. Calibration and validation of the youth activity profile as a physical activity and sedentary behaviour surveillance tool for English youth. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:19.

Welk G, Morrow J, Saint-Maurice P. Measures registry user guide: individual physical activity. national collaborative on childhood obesity research. National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research; 2017.

Romanzini M, Petroski EL, Ohara D, Dourado AC, Reichert FF. Calibration of ActiGraph GT3X, Actical and RT3 accelerometers in adolescents. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(1):91–9. PubMed

Lykkegaard CR, Wehberg S, Waldorff FB, Sondergaard J, Holden S. Adaptation of a Danish online version of the Oxford Physical Activity Questionnaire (OPAQ) for secondary school students-a pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2022;8(1):153. PubMed PMC

Monyeki MA, Moss SJ, Kemper HCG, Twisk JWR. Self-reported physical activity is not a valid method for measuring physical activity in 15-year-old south african boys and girls. Children. 2018;5:6.

Campbell N, Prapavessis H, Gray C, McGowan E, Rush E, Maddison R. The Actiheart in adolescents: a doubly labelled water validation. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2012;24(4):589–602. PubMed

Premelc J, Meh K, Vaha-Ypya H, Sember V, Jurak G. Do fitter children better assess their physical activity with questionnaire than less fit children? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:3.

Hagstromer M, Oja P, Sjostrom M. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(6):755–62. PubMed

Nancy D. Brener LK, Shari Shanklin, Steve Kinchen, Danice K. Eaton, Joseph H, Katherine H. Flint. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: recommendations and reports. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports. 2013;1:1–20.

Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8(1):115. PubMed PMC

Organization WH. Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: World Health Organization collaborative cross-national survey. [cited; Available from: https://hbsc.org/

Legnani RFS, Legnani E, Pereira da Silva M, Cordeiro Barbosa Filho V, Gustave ELD, Campos W. Validación de un cuestionario web sobre actividad física para niños y adolescentes. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. 2022;22(88):737–52.

Trost SG, McIver KL, Pate RR. Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(11 Suppl):S531–43. PubMed

Radman I, Soric M, Misigoj-Durakovic M. Agreement between the SHAPES questionnaire and a multiple-sensor monitor in assessing physical activity of adolescents using categorial approach: a cross-sectional study. Sensors. 2021;21:6.

Simonović K, Stanković A, Šljivić K, Nikolić M. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) for serbian adolescents in Urban Areas. Facta Univ Ser Phys Educ Sport. 2023;21(3):173–81.

De Cocker K, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Pedometer-determined physical activity and its comparison with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in a sample of Belgian adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2007;78(5):429–37. PubMed

Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR Jr. How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health. Sports Med. 2004;34(1):1–8. PubMed

Hohepa M, Schofield G, Kolt GS, Scragg R, Garrett N. Pedometer-determined physical activity levels of adolescents: differences by age, sex, time of week, and transportation mode to school. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5(Suppl 1):S140–52. PubMed

Malnes L, Haugen T, Hansen BH, Kolle E, Berntsen S. Establishing the convergent validity of the travel habit questions in the health behavior in school-aged children questionnaire by quantifying active travel in norwegian adolescents. Front Sports Act Living. 2022;4: 761723. PubMed PMC

Kowalkowska J, Wadolowska L, Czarnocinska J, Czlapka-Matyasik M, Galinski G, Jezewska-Zychowicz M, et al. Reproducibility of a questionnaire for dietary habits, lifestyle and nutrition knowledge assessment (KomPAN) in Polish adolescents and adults. Nutrients. 2018;10:12.

Westcott McCoy S, Yocum A, Bartlett DJ, Mendoza J, Jeffries L, Chiarello L, et al. Development of the early activity scale for endurance for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2012;24(3):232–40. PubMed

Burdette HL, Whitaker RC, Daniels SR. Parental report of outdoor playtime as a measure of physical activity in preschool-aged children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(4):353–7. PubMed

Corder K, van Sluijs EMF, Wright A, Whincup P, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. Is it possible to assess free-living physical activity and energy expenditure in young people by self-report?2. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(3):862–70. PubMed

Amor-Barbosa M, Girabent-Farres M, Roses-Noguer F, Ortega-Martinez A, Medina-Rincon A, Bagur-Calafat C. Development and content validity of the physical activity questionnaire-young children (PAQ-YC) to assess physical activity in children between 5 and 7 years. Healthcare. 2021;9:6.

Coleman KJ, Ngor E, Reynolds K, Quinn VP, Koebnick C, Young DR, et al. Initial validation of an exercise “vital sign” in electronic medical records. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2071–6. PubMed

Moreno JP, Kelley ML, Landry DN, Paasch V, Terlecki MA, Johnston CA, et al. Development and validation of the family health behavior scale. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(2–2):e480–6. PubMed

Lau TCY, Qu S, Shao X, Zhou JL. Development and application of self-rating scale of physical activity intensity for preschool children. J Beijing Sport Univ. 2019;42(4):139–49.

Hands B, Parker H, Glasson C, Brinkman S, Read H. Results of western australian child and adolescent physical activity and nutrition survey 2003 (CAPANS): physical activity technical report. Premier's Physical Activity Taskforce, Perth, 2004.

Ihmels MA, Welk GJ, Eisenmann JC, Nusser SM. Development and preliminary validation of a family nutrition and physical activity (FNPA) screening tool. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6(1):14. PubMed PMC

Vanhelst J, Deken V, Boulic G, Duhamel A, Romon M. Feasibility and reliability of the Self Administered Children’s Lifestyle Assessment (SACLA), a new tool to measure children’s lifestyle behaviors: the VIF Program. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021;62(1):E117–21. PubMed PMC

Vanhelst J, Deken V, Boulic G, Duhamel A, Romon M. A feasible and reliable self-administered parental assessment of children’s lifestyle (SAPLACL): an ancillary study based on the VIF program. BMC Res Notes. 2022;15(1):179. PubMed PMC

Mathews DR, Kunicki ZJ, Colby SE, Franzen-Castle L, Kattelmann KK, Olfert MD, et al. Development and testing of program evaluation instruments for the iCook 4-H curriculum. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2019;51(3S):S21–9. PubMed

Hagstromer M, Bergman P, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Manios Y, et al. Concurrent validity of a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-A) in European adolescents: The HELENA Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(Suppl 5):S42–8. PubMed

Lubans DR, Sylva K, Osborn Z. Convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the oxford physical activity questionnaire for secondary school students. Behav Chang. 2012;25(1):23–34.

Wong SL, Leatherdale ST, Manske SR. Reliability and validity of a school-based physical activity questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(9):1593–600. PubMed

Roberts C, Freeman J, Samdal O, Schnohr CW, de Looze ME, Nic Gabhainn S, et al. The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: methodological developments and current tensions. Int J Public Health. 2009;54(2):140–50. PubMed

Salas-Sánchez MI, Vidal-Conti J. Evaluación de varios factores en el tiempo de ocio de centros educativos. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes. 2019;138:72–81.

Jimenez Candel MI, Carpena Lucas PJ, Ceballos-Santamaria G, Mondejar JJ. Design and validation of a questionnaire to study healthy habits among adolescents aged 12–14 years. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2021;119(3):177–84. PubMed

Chillón P, Villén-Contreras R, Pulido-Martos M, Ruiz JR. Desplazamiento activo al colegio, salud positiva y estrés en niños españoles. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte. 2017;6(1):117.

Longmuir PE, Gunnell KE, Barnes JD, Belanger K, Leduc G, Woodruff SJ, et al. Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy Second Edition: a streamlined assessment of the capacity for physical activity among children 8 to 12 years of age. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(Suppl 2):1047. PubMed PMC

King GA, Law M, King S, Hurley P, Hanna S, Kertoy M, et al. Measuring children’s participation in recreation and leisure activities: construct validation of the CAPE and PAC. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(1):28–39. PubMed

King G LM, King S, Hurley P, Rosenbaum P, Hanna S, Kertoy M, Young N. Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC) (CAPE/PAC): Pearson; 2004.

Fabricant PD, Robles A, Downey-Zayas T, Do HT, Marx RG, Widmann RF, et al. Development and validation of a pediatric sports activity rating scale: the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS). Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(10):2421–9. PubMed

Barbosa N, Sanchez CE, Vera JA, Perez W, Thalabard JC, Rieu M. A physical activity questionnaire: reproducibility and validity. J Sports Sci Med. 2007;6(4):505–18. PubMed PMC

Brener ND, Collins JL, Kann L, Warren CW, Williams BI. Reliability of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(6):575–80. PubMed

Lassetter JH, Macintosh CI, Williams M, Driessnack M, Ray G, Wisco JJ. Psychometric testing of the healthy eating and physical activity self-efficacy questionnaire and the healthy eating and physical activity behavior recall questionnaire for children. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2018;23(2): e12207. PubMed PMC

Pereira BO, Silva IP, Monteiro RJF, Farenzena R, Rosário R. Transporte ativo nas rotinas de vida das crianças: estudo em escola urbana. 2013.

Longmuir PE, Woodruff SJ, Boyer C, Lloyd M, Tremblay MS. Physical literacy knowledge questionnaire: feasibility, validity, and reliability for Canadian children aged 8 to 12 years. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(Suppl 2):1035. PubMed PMC

Ridgers ND, Timperio A, Crawford D, Salmon J. Validity of a brief self-report instrument for assessing compliance with physical activity guidelines amongst adolescents. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(2):136–41. PubMed

Legnani RFS, Legnani E, Quentino RA, da Silva MP, Bacil EDA, de Campos W. Reprodutibilidade da versão impressa do Questionário Webcas. Adolescencia e Saude. 2019;16(2):7–15.

Martínez Coronado A, Lazarevich I, Gutiérrez Tolentino R, Mejía Arias M, Leija Alva G, Radilla Vázquez CC. Construct Validity of a Questionnaire on Eating and Physical Activity Habits for Adolescents in Mexico City. Healthcare. 2023;11:16.

Mamani-Ramos AA, Dextre-Mendoza CW, Fiestas-Flores RC, Quisocala-Ramos JA, Ticona-Flores G, Reyes CA, et al. Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Práctica de Actividad Físico-Deportiva Orientada a la Salud en adolescentes peruanos. Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards the Practice of Health-Oriented Physical-Sports Activity in Peruvian adolescents. 2023;23(2):210–22.

Booth ML, Okely AD, Chey T, Bauman A. The reliability and validity of the physical activity questions in the WHO health behaviour in schoolchildren (HBSC) survey: a population study. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35(4):263–7. PubMed PMC

Haji E. Global School-based Student Health Survey: Bahrain Fact Sheet; 2016.

Fabunmi AA, Jumbo IS, Oloyede MJ. Physical Exercise: Knowledge, attitude and participation of senior secondary school students of selected private schools in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State (Nigeria). Health Prom Phys Activity. 2019;7(2):9–14.

Park B, Lee HA, Shin Y, Kim Y, Park H, Jun S, et al. Development and psychometric testing of a questionnaire for the Korea Youth risk behavior survey to assess physical activity behaviors. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1686. PubMed PMC

de Farias JC, Lopes Ada S, Mota J, Santos MP, Ribeiro JC, Hallal PC. Validity and reproducibility of a physical activity questionnaire for adolescents: adapting the Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2012;15(1):198–210. PubMed

Saltin B, Grimby G. Physiological analysis of middle-aged and old former athletes. Comparison with still active athletes of the same ages. Circulation. 1968;38(6):1104–15. PubMed

Grimby G, Borjesson M, Jonsdottir IH, Schnohr P, Thelle DS, Saltin B. The, “Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale” and its application to health research. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(4):119–25. PubMed

Beldo SK, Aars NA, Christoffersen T, Furberg AS, Halvorsen PA, Hansen BH, et al. Criterion validity of the Saltin-Grimby physical activity level scale in adolescents. The Fit Futures Study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9): e0273480. PubMed PMC

Abd Rahim MH, Ibrahim MI, Ab Rahman A, Yaacob NM. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Movement Behaviour Questionnaire into Malay Language (MBQ-M) for Measuring Movement Behaviors among Preschool Children in Kelantan, Malaysia. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11:9.

Lai JS, Blackwell CK, Tucker CA, Jensen SE, Cella D. Measuring PROMIS(R) physical activity and sleep problems in early childhood. J Pediatr Psychol. 2022;47(5):534–46. PubMed PMC

Abdulkader Mohamed R, Abdul Rahim NA, Mohamad SM, Ahmad YH. Validity and reliability of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding exercise and exergames experiences questionnaire among high school students. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1743. PubMed PMC

Salas-Sánchez MI, Conti JV. Evaluation of various factors in the leisure time of schools. Apunts Educació Física i Esports. 2019;138:72–81.

Pastor-Cisneros R, Carlos-Vivas J, Adsuar JC, Barrios-Fernandez S, Rojo-Ramos J, Vega-Munoz A, et al. Spanish Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy-2 (CAPL-2) Questionnaires. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:14.

Lassetter JH, Ray G, Driessnack M, Williams M. Consulting with children in the development of self-efficacy and recall tools related to nutrition and physical activity. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015;20(1):21–8. PubMed

Devine J, Klasen F, Moon J, Herdman M, Hurtado MP, Castillo G, et al. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of eight pediatric PROMIS® item banks into Spanish and German. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(9):2415–30. PubMed

Blomqvist I, Chaplin JE, Nilsson E, Henje E, Dennhag I. Swedish translation and cross-cultural adaptation of eight pediatric item banks from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)((R)). J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2021;5(1):80. PubMed PMC

Miranda FL, Fernandes CH, Meirelles LM, Faloppa F, Ejnisman B, Cohen M. Translation and cultural adaptation to brazilian portuguese of the children’s physical activity questionnaire (C-PAQ). Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2021;56(5):574–8. PubMed

Kowalski KC, Crocker PR, Kowalski NP. Convergent validity of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1997;9(4):342–52.

Stanley R, Boshoff K, Dollman J. The concurrent validity of the 3-day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire administered to female adolescents aged 12–14 years. Aust Occup Ther J. 2007;54(4):294–302.

Lee KS, Trost SG. Validity and reliability of the 3-day physical activity recall in Singaporean adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2005;76(1):101–6. PubMed

Dollman J, Stanley R, Wilson A. The concurrent validity of the 3-day physical activity recall in Australian youth. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2015;27(2):262–7. PubMed

Raask T, Maestu J, Latt E, Jurimae J, Jurimae T, Vainik U, et al. Comparison of IPAQ-SF and two other physical activity questionnaires with accelerometer in adolescent boys. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1): e0169527. PubMed PMC

Gråstén A, Watt A. A comparison of self-report scales and accelerometer-determined moderate to vigorous physical activity scores of finnish school students. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2016;20(4):220–9.

Malan GF, Nolte K. Measuring physical activity in South African grade 2 and 3 learners: a self-report questionnaire versus pedometer testing. S Afr J Res Sport Phys Educ Recreation. 2017;39(3):79–91.

Thomas EL, Upton D. Psychometric properties of the physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) in the UK. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2014;15(3):280–7.

Aggio D, Fairclough S, Knowles Z, Graves L. Validity and reliability of a modified english version of the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Arch Public Health. 2016;74(1):3. PubMed PMC

Bervoets L, Van Noten C, Van Roosbroeck S, Hansen D, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Verheyen E, et al. Reliability and validity of the Dutch physical activity questionnaires for children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A). Arch Public Health. 2014;72(1):47. PubMed PMC

Huang YJ, Wong SH, Salmon J. Reliability and validity of the modified Chinese version of the Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey (CLASS) questionnaire in assessing physical activity among Hong Kong children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2009;21(3):339–53. PubMed

Tian H, Du Toit D, Toriola AL. Validation of the children’s leisure activities study survey questionnaire for 12-year old south african children. Afr J Phys. 2014;20:1572–86.

Zelener J, Schneider M. Adolescents and self-reported physical activity: an evaluation of the modified godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire. Int J Exerc Sci. 2016;9(5):587–98. PubMed PMC

Eisenmann J, Milburn N, Jacobsen L, Moore S. Reliability and convergent validity of the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire in rural 5th-grade school-children. J Hum Mov Stud. 2002;43(2):135–50.

Ekici E, Ikiisik H, Ankarali H, Manav G, Colak M, Kozan Cikirikci EH. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity screening tool. Marmara Med J. 2021;34(3):319–26.

Quelly SB. Developing and testing adapted measures of children’s self-efficacy, intentions, and behaviors associated with childhood obesity. Child Health Care. 2017;47(1):67–82.

Matos APCE, Pereira MB, Souza S. Reproducibility of the active transport questionnaire and routines in Portuguese adolescents. Retos. 2018;3(1):152–6.

Knisel E, Bremer M, Nałęcz H, Wascher L, Laudańska-Krzemińska I. Validation of The Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy—CAPL-2 Questionnaire for German and Polish School Children. Phys Cult Sport Stud Res. 2024;104(1):1–14.

Preto LT, Scarpatto CH, Ley LLG, Silveira C, Salerno MR, Moreno JP, et al. Validation of the family health behavior scale for the Brazilian population. Jornal de Pediatria. 2022;98(1):84–91. PubMed

Mannocci A, Masala D, Mei D, Tribuzio AM, Villari P. International physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (IPAQ A): reliability of an Italian version. Minerva Pediatr. 2021;73(5):383–90.

Carlberg Rindestig F, Wiberg M, Chaplin JE, Henje E, Dennhag I. Psychometrics of three Swedish physical pediatric item banks from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)(R): pain interference, fatigue, and physical activity. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2021;5(1):105. PubMed PMC

Yelizarova O, Stankevych T, Parats A, Antomonov M, Polka N, Hozak S. Specific features of the ukrainian urban adolescents’ physical activity: a cross-sectional study. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020:3404285. PubMed PMC

Segura-Diaz JM, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Saucedo-Araujo RG, Aranda-Balboa MJ, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Migueles JH, et al. Feasibility and reliability of the Spanish version of the Youth Activity Profile questionnaire (YAP-Spain) in children and adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(7):801–7. PubMed

Ng K, Hamyla R, Tynjala J, Villberg J, Tammelin T, Kannas L, et al. Test-retest reliability of adolescents’ self-reported physical activity item in two consecutive surveys. Arch Public Health. 2019;77:9. PubMed PMC

Kohoutek J, Maracek M, Ng K, Hamrik Z. Test-retest reliability of selected HBSC items in Vietnam: well-being, physical and sedentary activities, and eating behaviours. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2022;22(1):135. PubMed PMC

Liu Y, Wang M, Tynjala J, Lv Y, Villberg J, Zhang Z, et al. Test-retest reliability of selected items of Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey questionnaire in Beijing. China BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:73. PubMed

Rangul V, Holmen TL, Kurtze N, Cuypers K, Midthjell K. Reliability and validity of two frequently used self-administered physical activity questionnaires in adolescents. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;15(8):47.