The regulation of stomatal movements is crucial for plants to optimize gas exchange and water balance. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers stomatal closure in response to drought, effectively minimizing water loss to prevent hydraulic failure. However, it significantly constrains photosynthesis, restricting plant growth and productivity. Therefore, rapid post-drought stomatal opening is crucial for earlier photosynthetic recovery. This review explores how phytohormones or plant growth regulators reverse ABA-induced stomatal closure. Phytomelatonin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, and brassinosteroids promote stomatal reopening by either ABA degradation or suppressing its biosynthesis through the downregulation of corresponding genes. This results in less ABA-induced H2O2 accumulation in guard cells, which lowers H2O2-triggered Ca2+ levels in guard cells, and promotes the opening of KAT1 (K+ in channels). Insights from this review highlight the potential mechanisms of stomatal reopening for earlier post-drought gas exchange recovery, offering potential avenues to enhance plant productivity under changing environmental conditions.

Biology Department Faculty of Science 45142 Jazan University Jazan Saudi Arabia

Biology Department Faculty of Science University of Tabuk 71491 Tabuk Saudi Arabia

Department of Botany GDC 192301 Pulwama Jammu and Kashmir India

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences 510640 Guangzhou China

Independent Researcher Green Model Town 1214 Dhaka Bangladesh

Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences 510640 Guangzhou China

Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions Department of Biology University of the Balearic Islands Institute of Agro Environmental Research and Water Economy INAGEA Carretera de Valldemossa 07122 Palma Spain

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