Understanding germination characteristics, including optimal stratification requirements of target species, is necessary for supporting grassland restoration yet poorly understood. This knowledge is essential for effective conservation, particularly with climate change altering germination conditions and thus germination capacity of plants. Here we studied the effect of three different durations of warm dry and cold wet stratification treatments, and their combinations in a full factorial design (in total 15 different pre-germination treatments), on the germination capacity of 48 grassland species native to Central Europe. Stratification treatments modelled present and forecasted summer (1-3 months warm period) and winter (1-3 months cold period) temperature conditions, while the study of the combined effect of these treatments is especially important in spring-germinating species. As response variables, we calculated relative response indexes and germination uncertainties of each species separately and applied general linear models to study the effect of treatments on these variables. We found clear effect of warm- or cold stratification on relative response indexes only in four species: strong positive response to warm stratification was found in Silene conica, while strong positive response to cold stratification was found in Agrimonia eupatoria, Echium vulgare, and Plantago lanceolata. The responses to treatment combinations were contradictory or lacked clear trends in most of the species. Germination uncertainty in general was high for all species, supporting the fact that Central European grassland species often rely on bet hedging as risk spreading strategy, to avoid unfavourable conditions during seedling establishment.

'Lendület' Seed Ecology Research Group Institute of Ecology and Botany HUN REN Centre for Ecological Research Vácrátót Hungary

Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic

MTA SZTE 'Momentum' Applied Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary

National Laboratory for Health Security HUN REN Centre for Ecological Research Budapest Hungary

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science České Budějovice Czech Republic

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