Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, driven by its clinical complexity and delayed recognition. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions to improve sepsis care through earlier detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies. Key applications include AI-driven early warning systems, subphenotyping based on clinical and biological data, and decision support tools that adapt to real-time patient information. The integration of diverse data types, such as structured clinical data, unstructured notes, waveform signals, and molecular biomarkers, enhances the precision and timeliness of interventions. However, challenges such as algorithmic bias, limited external validation, data quality issues, and ethical considerations continue to hinder clinical implementation. Future directions focus on real-time model adaptation, multi-omics integration, and the development of generalist medical AI capable of personalized recommendations. Successfully addressing these barriers is essential for AI to deliver on its potential to transform sepsis management and support the transition toward precision-driven critical care.

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Faculty of Medicine Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology University Hospital Ostrava University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Infectious Diseases 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Laboratory Medicine Biomedical Center Lund University BMC C14 Lund Sweden

Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Acute Care and Internal Medicine University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

School 6 Medicine and Health Services Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany

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