Shocked quartz grains are an accepted indicator of crater-forming cosmic impact events, which also typically produce amorphous silica along the fractures. Furthermore, previous research has shown that shocked quartz can form when nuclear detonations, asteroids, and comets produce near-surface or "touch-down" airbursts. When cosmic airbursts detonate with enough energy and at sufficiently low altitude, the resultant relatively small, high-velocity fragments may strike Earth's surface with high enough pressures to generate thermal and mechanical shock that can fracture quartz grains and introduce molten silica into the fractures. Here, we report the discovery of shocked quartz grains in a layer dating to the Younger Dryas (YD) onset (12.8 ka) in three classic archaeological sequences in the Southwestern United States: Murray Springs, Arizona; Blackwater Draw, New Mexico; and Arlington Canyon, California. These sites were foundational in demonstrating that the extinction or observed population bottlenecks of many megafaunal species and the coeval collapse/reorganization of the Clovis technocomplex in North America co-occurred at or near the YD onset. Using a comprehensive suite of 10 analytical techniques, including electron microscopy (TEM, SEM, CL, and EBSD), we have identified grains with glass-filled fractures similar to shocked grains associated with nuclear explosions and 27 accepted impact craters of different ages (e.g., Meteor Crater, 50 ka; Chesapeake Bay, 35 Ma; Chicxulub, 66 Ma; Manicouagan, 214 Ma) and produced in 11 laboratory shock experiments. In addition, we used hydrocode modeling to explore the temperatures, pressures, and shockwave velocities associated with the airburst of a 100-m fragment of a comet and conclude that they are sufficient to produce shocked quartz. These shocked grains co-occur with previously reported peak concentrations in platinum, meltglass, soot, and nanodiamonds, along with microspherules, similar to those found in ~28 microspherule layers that are accepted as evidence for cosmic impact events, even in the absence of a known crater. The discovery of apparently thermally-altered shocked quartz grains at these three key archaeological sites supports a cosmic impact as a major contributing factor in the megafaunal extinctions and the collapse of the Clovis technocomplex at the YD onset.

Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University Greenville North Carolina United States of America

CAMCOR University of Oregon Eugene Oregon United States of America

College of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences Flinders University Bedford Park South Australia

Comet Research Group Prescott Arizona United States of America

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry DePaul University Chicago Illinois United States of America

Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara California United States of America

Department of Natural Sciences Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City North Carolina United States of America

Electron Microscopy and Surface Analysis Lab Nanofab University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah United States of America

Elizabeth City State University Center of Excellence in Remote Sensing Education and Research Elizabeth City North Carolina United States of America

Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska United States of America

Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Santa Barbara California United States of America

SCDNR Heritage Trust Program; Land Water and Conservation Division; South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Columbia South Carolina United States of America

South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina United States of America

Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point Virginia United States of America

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