Soil has garnered global attention for its role in food security and climate change. Fine-scale soil-mapping techniques are urgently needed to support food, water, and biodiversity services. A global soil dataset integrated into an Earth observation system and supported by cloud computing enabled the development of the first global soil grid of six key properties at a 90-m spatial resolution. Assessing them from environmental and socio-economic perspectives, we demonstrated that 64% of the world's topsoils are primarily sandy, with low fertility and high susceptibility to degradation. These conditions limit crop productivity and highlight potential risks to food security. Results reveal that approximately 900 Gt of soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored up to 20 cm deep. Arid biomes store three times more SOC than mangroves based on total areas. SOC content in agricultural soils is reduced by at least 60% compared to soils under natural vegetation. Most agricultural areas are being fertilized while simultaneously experiencing a depletion of the carbon pool. By integrating soil capacity with economic and social factors, we highlight the critical role of soil in supporting societal prosperity. The top 10 largest countries in area per continent store 75% of the global SOC stock. However, the poorest countries face rapid organic matter degradation. We indicate an interconnection between societal growth and spatially explicit mapping of soil properties. This soil-human nexus establishes a geographically based link between soil health and human development. It underscores the importance of soil management in enhancing agricultural productivity and promotes sustainable-land-use planning.

5 V Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute Moscow 119017 Russia

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece

Center for Carbon Research in Tropical Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba 13418 900 São Paulo Brazil

Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture University of São Paulo São Paulo 13416 903 Brazil

Centre for Earth Observation Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg R3T 2N2 Manitoba Canada

College of Environmental and Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China

Department of Biological Systems Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68583 USA

Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Bengaluru 560012 India

Department of Environmental Management Institute of Environmental Engineering RUDN University Moscow Russia

Department of Geography Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences Faculty of Exact Science Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel

Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 1380 USA

Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16500 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Soil Science Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan 84156 83111 Iran

Department of Soil Science Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University of São Paulo Piracicaba 13418 900 São Paulo Brazil

Department of Soil Water and Ecosystem Sciences University of Florida Gainesville 32611 Florida USA

Department of Soils Federal University of Viçosa Avenue Peter Henry Rolfs Viçosa 36570 900 Brazil

GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg 14473 Potsdam Germany

ICAR National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Regional Centre Bangalore 560024 India

Indo French Cell for Water Sciences IRD Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru 560012 India

Institute of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu Tokyo 183 8509 Japan

Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

Leibniz University Hannover Institute of Earth System Science Soil science section 30419 Hannover Germany

LISAH University Montpellier IRD INRAE Institut Agro AgroParisTech 34060 Montpellier France

National authority for remote sensing and space sciences NARSS Cairo Egypt

NSW Department of Climate Change Energy the Environment and Water Parramatta NSW 2150 Australia

Program of Crop Science Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Nerus 21030 Malaysia

Soils and Water Department Faculty of Agriculture Fayoum University Fayoum 63514 Egypt

State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 211135 China

Sydney Institute of Agriculture and School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia

Université Paris Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech UMR EcoSys 91120 Palaiseau France

ZJU Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Zhejiang University Hangzhou 311215 China

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