A key event in meiosis is the conversion of a small subset of double strand breaks into interhomolog crossovers. In this study, we demonstrate that Caenorhabditis elegans male spermatogenesis has less robust mechanisms than hermaphrodite oogenesis in regulating crossover numbers. This is not a consequence of differences in meiotic prophase timing, sex chromosome genotype, or the presence or absence of germline apoptosis. Using the cyclin-like crossover marker COSA-1, we show that males are less efficient in both converting double strand breaks into crossover designated events and limiting their number, suggesting weakened crossover homeostasis. Surprisingly, we discovered that significant numbers of COSA-1 foci form at the very end of meiotic prophase in the absence of SPO-11 during spermatogenesis. These COSA-1-marked sites are also independent of homologous recombination, and Topoisomerases I and II. We find that the synaptonemal complex, which holds homologs in proximity, differently modulates COSA-1 enrichment to chromosomes in the absence of SPO-11 in males and hermaphrodites. Together, these findings suggest that males have less robust crossover control and that there are previously unrecognized lesions or structures at the end of meiotic prophase in spermatocytes that can accumulate crossover markers.

Biochemistry Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group University of California Davis Davis California United States of America

Department of Biology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of California Davis Davis California United States of America

Molecular Biology Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California United States of America

Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States of America

MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences London United Kingdom

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bioRxiv. 2025 Jun 13:2025.06.10.658785. doi: 10.1101/2025.06.10.658785. PubMed

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