Ongoing shifts in climate and land use have altered interactions between trees and insect herbivores, changing biotic disturbance regimes. However, as these changes are complex and vary across host species, insect taxa, and feeding guilds, they remain poorly understood. We compiled annual records of forest insect disturbance from 15 countries in temperate and boreal Europe, spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. The dataset comprises 1361 time series characterizing the dynamics of 50 herbivorous insects. We used this dataset to test whether insect disturbance has systematically changed during the 23-year period across host trees and feeding guilds, whether it varies along latitudinal and climatic gradients, and whether synchrony exists among species in the same guild or among species sharing the same host. Since 2000, borer disturbance was predominantly concentrated on gymnosperms, while defoliators impacted gymnosperms and angiosperms more evenly. While 85.8% of gymnosperm disturbance was inflicted by a single species, Ips typographus, the majority of disturbances to angiosperms were caused by six different species. Borer impact on gymnosperms has increased in the 21st century, while defoliator impact has decreased across both clades. In contrast to diverging temporal trends, disturbance was consistently greater in warmer and drier conditions across feeding guilds and host types. We identified significant synchrony in insect disturbance within host types and feeding guilds but not between these groups, suggesting shared drivers within guilds and host types. Increasing insect disturbance to gymnosperms may catalyze adaptive transformations in Europe's forests, promoting a shift from historical conifer-dominated management to broadleaved trees, which are less affected by insect herbivores. Our findings reveal a diversity of trends in insect herbivory, underscoring the need to strengthen monitoring and research in order to better understand underlying mechanisms and identify emerging threats that may not be apparent in currently available data.

Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW Vienna Austria

Berchtesgaden National Park Berchtesgaden Germany

Biogeco INRAE University of Bordeaux Cestas France

Croatian Forest Research Institute Jastrebarsko Croatia

Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and the Environment University of Padua Legnaro PD Italy

Department of Biogeochemical Processes Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Forest Protection and Forest Protection Service National Forest Centre Banská Štiavnica Slovakia

European Forest Institute Bonn Germany

Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology Georg August University Göttingen Germany

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Suchdol Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Forestry University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Forest Research Institute Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria

Forest Research Institute Sękocin Stary Raszyn Poland

Forest Research Institute University of Sopron Mátrafüred Hungary

Forestry Faculty Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava Suceava Romania

Institute for Forest Protection Julius Kühn Institute Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Quedlinburg Germany

National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Marin Drăcea Voluntari Romania

Natural Resources Institute Finland Helsinki Finland

Natural Resources Institute Finland Joensuu Finland

Nature Research Center Vilnius Lithuania

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Oslo Norway

Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Ås Norway

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Potsdam Germany

Regional Plant Health Service ERSA Friuli Venezia Giulia Italy

Slovenia Forest Service Ljubljana Slovenia

Slovenian Forestry Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

TUM School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich Freising Germany

Vytautas Magnus University Agricultural Academy Kaunas County Lithuania

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Divergent Trends in Insect Disturbance Across Europe's Temperate and Boreal Forests