Diffusion tractography is a powerful MRI technique for mapping fibrous tissue architecture, traditionally applied to the white matter of the brain. This report surveys the growing application of tractography to anatomical structures outside the brain, a domain that presents both unique challenges and unique opportunities. We examine its use in the heart, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, brachial plexus, kidney, skeletal muscle, and prostate. For each region, we detail the necessary methodological adaptations for acquisition, modeling, and processing, and highlight the unique anatomical information that can be derived for research and clinical applications. While significant challenges remain - spanning technical hurdles like physiological motion and susceptibility artifacts, to biological complexities like lower anisotropy and the interpretation of streamline validity - tractography beyond the brain provides invaluable, non-invasive insights into tissue micro-organization, opening a new frontier for biomedical imaging.

Advanced Imaging Research Center UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA

Barrow Neuroimaging Innovation Center Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix AZ USA

Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute Carle Health Urbana IL 61801 USA

Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte Justine Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada

Department of Biomedical Engineering UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA

Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital MassGeneral Brigham Boston MA USA

Department of Translational Neuroscience Barrow Neurological Institute Phoenix AZ USA

Departments of Bioengineering and Biomedical and Translational Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL USA

Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology and Radiological Sciences Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA

Functional Neuroimaging Unit CRIUGM University of Montreal Montreal QC Canada

Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology MR Unit Prague Czech Republic

Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine University of Leeds Leeds UK

Mila Quebec AI Institute Montreal QC Canada

NeuroPoly Lab Institute of Biomedical Engineering Polytechnique Montreal Montreal QC Canada

Peter O'Donnell Brain Institute UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA

PROVIDI Lab Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands

Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA

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