Growing evidence has shown that, apart from local environmental factors, changes in landscape-level factors by accelerated land-use change can also shape soil pathogenic fungal diversity. However, the global representativeness of such patterns remains unclear. Here, we assess how pathogenic fungal diversity in 511 soil samples worldwide responds to landscape factors, including landscape complexity index based on eight landscape metrics and quantity of different land cover types across six spatial scales (i.e., surrounding landscape, 250 m to 10,000 m radii from the sampling coordinate). We find that while soil variables explain over half of the variance, pathogenic fungal alpha diversity increases with landscape complexity and crop cover proportion, but decreases with grass and tree cover proportion, together explaining 23.4% of the total variance. Landscape factors have weaker impacts on beta diversity, explaining 13.0% of the variance. Across spatial scales, grassland ecosystems exhibit increasingly stronger responses to landscape variables compared to forest ecosystems. Landscape factors have a higher relative contribution to root-associated fungi than leaf/fruit/seed-associated fungi. Our results emphasize the importance of local factors and the complementary role of landscape patterns in shaping global soil pathogenic fungal distributions, highlighting scale-dependent effects across ecosystems and fungal functional groups.

A Borza Botanic Garden Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Altai State University Barnaul Russia

Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany

Bioclimatology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Bioinorganic Chemistry Biomics Group Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany

BioSense Institute University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia

BOKU University Institute of Soil Research Department of Ecosystem Management Climate and Biodiversity Vienna Austria

Botany Unit Department of Pharmacology Pharmacognosy and Botany Complutense University Madrid Spain

cE3c Center for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE Global Change and Sustainability Institute Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

Centre for Forest Research Université du Québec à Montréal MontréalQC QC Canada

Centre for Nature Positive Solutions Biology Department School of Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC Australia

Centre for Systems Biology Biodiversity and Bioresources Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Götingen Germany

Charles Darwin Research Station Charles Darwin Foundation Santa Cruz Galapagos Ecuador

Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany

College of Chemistry and Life Science Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou China

College of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin Stevens Point WI USA

Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal RN Brazil

Département des Sciences de l'Environnement Université du Québec à Trois Rivières Trois Rivières QC Canada

Department Computational Hydrosystems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany

Department of Agro Environmental Studies Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Gödöllő Hungary

Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Biological Environment Akita Prefectural University Akita Japan

Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy

Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise ID USA

Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy

Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Halle Germany

Department of Conservation Biology and Social Ecological Systems Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig Germany

Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA

Department of Crop Production Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ecosystem Studies The University of Tokyo Bunkyo ku Tokyo Japan

Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St Paul MN USA

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Geosciences University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Department of River Ecology and Conservation Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany

Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Halle Germany

Department of Vegetation Ecology Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic

Department of Zoology University of Veteinary Medicine Budapest Budapest István utca 2 Hungary

Earth Systems Research Center University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA

ECOBIOSIS Department of Botany University of Concepcion Concepcion Chile

Ecological Plant Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany

ECOMARE CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal

Emil G Racoviță Institute Babeș Bolyai University Cluj Napoca Romania

Environmental Sciences and Engineering Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas P Universidad Catolica de Chile Alameda 340 Santiago and Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad Santiago Chile

Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Lammi Biological Station University of Helsinki Lammi Finland

Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg Essen Essen Germany

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Faculty of Geosciences Geography and Astronomy Geoecology Group University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Forest Research Institute Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria

Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong Selangor Malaysia

Galapagos National Park Directorate Puerto Ayora Galapagos Ecuador

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake Sakyo Kyoto Japan

Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia

Institute for Alpine Environment Eurac Research Bozen Bolzano Italy

Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Institute for Soil Sciences HUN REN Centre for Agricultural Research Budapest Herman Ottó út 15 Hungary

Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Macaé Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Institute of Biodiversity Ecology and Evolution Aquatic Geomicrobiology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany

Institute of Biological Research Cluj National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Cluj Napoca Romania

Institute of Biology Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Latvia Riga Latvia

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Biology Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China

Institute of Environmental Science University of Nyíregyháza Nyíregyháza Hungary

Institute of Forest Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Zvolen Slovakia

Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria CONICET Río Gallegos Santa Cruz Argentina

Instituto Universitario de Investigación en el Olivar y el Aceite de Oliva Universidad de Jaén Jaén Spain

JFB Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Kyushu University Forest Kyushu University Ashoro Hokkaido Japan

Kyushu University Forest Kyushu University Sasaguri machi Fukuoka Japan

Maiella National Park Sulmona Italy

Meteo France CNRS Toulouse France

MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Institute of Biodiversity Science School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China

Nakagawa Experimental Forest Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University Otoineppu Hokkaido Japan

Northwest German Forest Research Institute Göttingen Germany

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Sault Ste Marie ON ON Canada

Plant Ecology Group Department of Biology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Pyrenean Institute of Ecology Jaca Spain

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Geraardsbergen Belgium

Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources Aiken Center 81 Carrigan Drive University of Vermont Burlington VT USA

School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood VIC Australia

Soil Microbial Ecology Group Agricultural Science Center Federal University of Piaui Teresina PI Brazil

State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro Ecosystems and College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China

Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute MOA Taichung Taiwan

Terrestrial Ecology Section Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

UCLouvain Earth and Life Institute Louvain la Neuve Belgium

Universidade de Coimbra Departamento de Geografia Colégio São Jerónimo Coimbra Portugal

Universität Innsbruck Institut für Ökologie Innsbruck Austria

Universität Innsbruck Institut für Ökologie Sternwartestr 15 Technikerstrasse 25 Innsbruck Austria

Université de Lorraine CNRS LIEC Metz France

USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry San Juan Puerto Rico

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