Ever-growing human population and nutritional demands, supply chain disruptions, and advancing climate change have led to the realization that changes in diversity and system performance are intimately linked. Moreover, diversity and system performance depend on heterogeneity. Mitigating changes in system performance and promoting sustainable living conditions requires transformative decisions. Here, we introduce the heterogeneity-diversity-system performance (HDP) nexus as the conceptual basis upon which to formulate transformative decisions. We suggest that managing the heterogeneity of systems will best allow diversity to provide multiple benefits to people. Based on ecological theory, we pose that the HDP nexus is broadly applicable across systems, disciplines, and sectors, and should thus be considered in future decision making as a way to have a more sustainable global future.

CEFE Univ Montpellier CNRS EPHE IRD 1919 route de Mende F 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France

Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig 04318 Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Puschstr 4 Leipzig 04103 Germany

Institute of Biology Leipzig University Puschstr 4 Leipzig 04103Germany

Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Na Sádkách 7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Leipzig Institute for Meteorology Universität Leipzig Stephanstraße 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany

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