Smoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths in the USA, accounting for one in every five deaths every year, and cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the leading cause of those deaths. Hence, there is increasing awareness to quit smoking among the public and counseling plays an important role in smoking cessation. There are different pharmacological methods to help quit smoking that includes nicotine replacement products available over the counter, including patch, gum, and lozenges, to prescription medications, such as bupropion and varenicline. There have been reports of both nonserious and serious adverse CV events associated with the use of these different pharmacological methods, especially varenicline, which has been gaining media attention recently. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the various pharmacotherapies used in smoking cessation and analyzed the evidence behind these CV events reported with these therapeutic agents.
- MeSH
- benzazepiny * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- bolesti na hrudi chemicky indukované MeSH
- bupropion aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- chinoxaliny aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- hypertenze chemicky indukované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nikotinoví agonisté aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
- směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
- tachykardie chemicky indukované MeSH
- vareniklin MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- záchvaty chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
The present study investigated the effects of head cooling during endurance cycling on performance and the serotonergic neuroendocrine response to exercise in the heat. Subjects exercised at 75 % VO2max to volitional fatigue on a cycle ergometer at an ambient temperature of 29±1.0 °C, with a relative humidity of approximately 50 %. Head cooling resulted in a 51 % (p<0.01) improvement in exercise time to fatigue and Borg Scale ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower throughout the exercise period with cooling (p<0.01). There were no indications of peripheral mechanisms of fatigue either with, or without, head cooling, indicating the importance of central mechanisms. Exercise in the heat caused the release of prolactin in response to the rise in rectal temperature. Head cooling largely abolished the prolactin response while having no effect on rectal temperature. Tympanic temperature and sinus skin temperature were reduced by head cooling and remained low throughout the exercise. It is suggested that there is a coordinated response to exercise involving thermoregulation, neuroendocrine secretion and behavioural adaptations that may originate in the hypothalamus or associated areas of the brain. Our results are consistent with the effects of head cooling being mediated by both direct cooling of the brain and modified cerebral artery blood flow, but an action of peripheral thermoreceptors cannot be excluded.
- Klíčová slova
- Prolactin, Hyperthermia, Head Cooling, Exercise, Central Fatigue,
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fyzická vytrvalost MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- hlava MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nízká teplota MeSH
- percepce MeSH
- prolaktin krev MeSH
- spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
- svalová kontrakce MeSH
- svalová únava MeSH
- teplota kůže MeSH
- termoregulace MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- chromozomální aberace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfocyty účinky záření MeSH
- mitomycin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- mutageny MeSH
- nádory děložního čípku farmakoterapie MeSH
- nemoci cervix uteri farmakoterapie MeSH
- prekancerózy farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
