P38alpha kinase plays an important role in the regulation of both cell stress response and cell fate. In this study, we report that p38alpha kinase-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit a higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in contrast to their wild-type counterpart. Analysis of the expressions of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and dual oxidases, crucial enzymes involved in intracellular ROS formation, shows NOX2/gp91phox is over-expressed in p38alpha deficient cells. The particular increase in superoxide formation was confirmed by the specific detection of hydroethidine derivate 2-hydroxyethidium. ROS formation decreased when the level of NOX2 was silenced by siRNA in p38alpha deficient cells. These data suggest the importance of p38alpha kinase in the regulation of ROS metabolism in embryonic stem cells and the significance of the observed phenomena of cancer cell-like phenotypes, which is discussed.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace fyziologie MeSH
- genový knockdown MeSH
- genový knockout MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- membránový potenciál mitochondrií fyziologie MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- mitogenem aktivovaná proteinkinasa 14 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- myší embryonální kmenové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- NADPH-oxidasa 2 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- superoxidy metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The blocking of specific protein-protein interactions using nanoparticles is an emerging alternative to small molecule-based therapeutic interventions. However, the nanoparticles designed as "artificial proteins" generally require modification of their surface with (bio)organic molecules and/or polymers to ensure their selectivity and specificity of action. Here, we show that nanosized diamond crystals (nanodiamonds, NDs) without any synthetically installed (bio)organic interface enable the specific and efficient targeting of the family of extracellular signalling molecules known as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). We found that low nanomolar solutions of detonation NDs with positive ζ-potential strongly associate with multiple FGF ligands present at sub-nanomolar concentrations and effectively neutralize the effects of FGF signalling in cells without interfering with other growth factor systems and serum proteins unrelated to FGFs. We identified an evolutionarily conserved FGF recognition motif, ∼17 amino acids long, that contributes to the selectivity of the ND-FGF interaction. In addition, we inserted this motif into a de novo constructed chimeric protein, which significantly improved its interaction with NDs. We demonstrated that the interaction of NDs, as purely inorganic nanoparticles, with proteins can mitigate pathological FGF signalling and promote the restoration of cartilage growth in a mouse limb explant model. Based on our observations, we foresee that NDs may potentially be applied as nanotherapeutics to neutralize disease-related activities of FGFs in vivo.
- MeSH
- aminokyselinové motivy MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- chrupavka fyziologie MeSH
- embryo savčí MeSH
- fibroblastové růstové faktory metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nanodiamanty chemie MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- receptory fibroblastových růstových faktorů metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- techniky tkáňových kultur MeSH
- tibie fyziologie MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- viabilita buněk MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being developed for therapy of malignancies caused by oncogenic FGFR signaling but little is known about their effect in congenital chondrodysplasias or craniosynostoses that associate with activating FGFR mutations. Here, we investigated the effects of novel FGFR inhibitor, ARQ 087, in experimental models of aberrant FGFR3 signaling in cartilage. In cultured chondrocytes, ARQ 087 efficiently rescued all major effects of pathological FGFR3 activation, i.e. inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, loss of extracellular matrix and induction of premature senescence. In ex vivo tibia organ cultures, ARQ 087 restored normal growth plate architecture and eliminated the suppressing FGFR3 effect on chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation, suggesting that it targets the FGFR3 pathway specifically, i.e. without interference with other pro-growth pathways. Moreover, ARQ 087 inhibited activity of FGFR1 and FGFR2 mutants associated with Pfeiffer, Apert and Beare-Stevenson craniosynostoses, and rescued FGFR-driven excessive osteogenic differentiation in mouse mesenchymal micromass cultures or in ex vivo calvarial organ cultures. Our data warrant further development of ARQ 087 for clinical use in skeletal disorders caused by activating FGFR mutations.
- MeSH
- aniliny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- bezbuněčný systém MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace * účinky léků MeSH
- buněčné kultury MeSH
- chinazoliny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- chondrocyty účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- extracelulární matrix účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- fibroblastový růstový faktor 2 farmakologie MeSH
- končetinové pupeny patologie MeSH
- kraniosynostózy farmakoterapie genetika patologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- lebka patologie MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- myši MeSH
- orgánové kultury - kultivační techniky MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- receptory fibroblastových růstových faktorů genetika MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- stárnutí buněk účinky léků MeSH
- tibie účinky léků patologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The short rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPS) are a group of recessively inherited, perinatal-lethal skeletal disorders primarily characterized by short ribs, shortened long bones, varying types of polydactyly and concomitant visceral abnormalities. Mutations in several genes affecting cilia function cause SRPS, revealing a role for cilia function in skeletal development. To identify additional SRPS genes and discover novel ciliary molecules required for normal skeletogenesis, we performed exome sequencing in a cohort of patients and identified homozygosity for a missense mutation, p.E80K, in Intestinal Cell Kinase, ICK, in one SRPS family. The p.E80K mutation abolished serine/threonine kinase activity, resulting in altered ICK subcellular and ciliary localization, increased cilia length, aberrant cartilage growth plate structure, defective Hedgehog and altered ERK signalling. These data identify ICK as an SRPS-associated gene and reveal that abnormalities in signalling pathways contribute to defective skeletogenesis.
- MeSH
- cilie genetika patologie MeSH
- exom genetika MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kostra abnormality růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- MAP kinasový signální systém MeSH
- mnohočetné abnormality genetika patofyziologie MeSH
- protein-serin-threoninkinasy genetika MeSH
- proteiny hedgehog genetika MeSH
- rodokmen MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- syndrom krátkého žebra a polydaktylie genetika patologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Lineage tracing has shown that most of the facial skeleton is derived from cranial neural crest cells. However, the local signals that influence postmigratory, neural crest-derived mesenchyme also play a major role in patterning the skeleton. Here, we study the role of BMP signaling in regulating the fate of chondro-osteoprogenitor cells in the face. RESULTS: A single Noggin-soaked bead inserted into stage 15 chicken embryos induced an ectopic cartilage resembling the interorbital septum within the palate and other midline structures. In contrast, the same treatment in stage 20 embryos caused a loss of bones. The molecular basis for the stage-specific response to Noggin lay in the simultaneous up-regulation of SOX9 and downregulation of RUNX2 in the maxillary mesenchyme, increased cell adhesiveness as shown by N-cadherin induction around the beads and increased RA pathway gene expression. None of these changes were observed in stage 20 embryos. CONCLUSIONS: These experiments demonstrate how slight changes in expression of growth factors such as BMPs could lead to gain or loss of cartilage in the upper jaw during vertebrate evolution. In addition, BMPs have at least two roles: one in patterning the skull and another in regulating the skeletogenic fates of neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Developmental Dynamics 245:947-962, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- MeSH
- embryo nesavčí cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- kmenové buňky cytologie metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- kostní morfogenetické proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- kuřecí embryo MeSH
- mezoderm cytologie metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- obličej embryologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- transkripční faktor SOX9 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transportní proteiny farmakologie MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kuřecí embryo MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
The successional dental lamina (SDL) plays an essential role in the development of replacement teeth in diphyodont and polyphyodont animals. A morphologically similar structure, the rudimental successional dental lamina (RSDL), has been described in monophyodont (only one tooth generation) lizards on the lingual side of the developing functional tooth. This rudimentary lamina regresses, which has been proposed to play a role in preventing the formation of future generations of teeth. A similar rudimentary lingual structure has been reported associated with the first molar in the monophyodont mouse, and we show that this structure is common to all murine molars. Intriguingly, a lingual lamina is also observed on the non-replacing molars of other diphyodont mammals (pig and hedgehog), initially appearing very similar to the successional dental lamina on the replacing teeth. We have analyzed the morphological as well as ultrastructural changes that occur during the development and loss of this molar lamina in the mouse, from its initiation at late embryonic stages to its disappearance at postnatal stages. We show that loss appears to be driven by a reduction in cell proliferation, down-regulation of the progenitor marker Sox2, with only a small number of cells undergoing programmed cell death. The lingual lamina was associated with the dental stalk, a short epithelial connection between the tooth germ and the oral epithelium. The dental stalk remained in contact with the oral epithelium throughout tooth development up to eruption when connective tissue and numerous capillaries progressively invaded the dental stalk. The buccal side of the dental stalk underwent keratinisation and became part of the gingival epithelium, while most of the lingual cells underwent programmed cell death and the tissue directly above the erupting tooth was shed into the oral cavity.
- MeSH
- apoptóza fyziologie MeSH
- embryo savčí embryologie MeSH
- ježkovití MeSH
- moláry embryologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- transkripční faktory SOXB1 metabolismus MeSH
- ústní sliznice embryologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Indukce antigen-specifické tolerance je zásadní pro udržení imunitní homeostázy a prevenci autoimunity. CD4+CD25+ T buňky regulují aktivitu autoreaktivních T buněk. Odstranění těchto buněk vede k širokému spektru orgánově specifických autoimunitních onemocnění. Spektrum aktivity CD4+CD25+ T buněk je bohatší i o antigeny tělu cizí včetně infekčních agens a pravděpodobně hrají roli v potlačení alergických reakcí. Dá se říci, že možnost imunologické nebo farmakologické manipulace s T regulačními buňkami je výzvou budoucnosti imunoterapie v široké oblasti imunologických reakcí.
The induction of antigen-specific tolerance is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. CD4+CD25+ T cells regulate the activity of autoreactive cells. Depletion of these cells results in the development of a wide spectrum of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. The spectrum of activity of CD4+CD25+ T cells extends to non-self antigens, including infectious agents and probably play the role in the supression of the allergic responses. Therefore immunologic or farmakologic manipulation of regulatory T-cell populations represents an important future approach to immunotherapy of a wide range of immune responses.
