Saprochaete and Geotrichum spp. are rare emerging fungi causing invasive fungal diseases in immunosuppressed patients and scarce evidence is available for treatment decisions. Among 505 cases of rare IFD from the FungiScope(™) registry, we identified 23 cases of invasive infections caused by these fungi reported from 10 countries over a 12-year period. All cases were adults and previous chemotherapy with associated neutropenia was the most common co-morbidity. Fungaemia was confirmed in 14 (61%) cases and deep organ involvement included lungs, liver, spleen, central nervous system and kidneys. Fungi were S. capitata (n=14), S. clavata (n=5), G. candidum (n=2) and Geotrichum spp. (n=2). Susceptibility was tested in 16 (70%) isolates. All S. capitata and S. clavata isolates with the exception of one S. capitata (MIC 4 mg/L) isolate had MICs>32 mg/L for caspofungin. For micafungin and anidulafungin, MICs varied between 0.25 and >32 mg/L. One case was diagnosed postmortem, 22 patients received targeted treatment, with voriconazole as the most frequent first line drug. Overall mortality was 65% (n=15). Initial echinocandin treatment was associated with worse outcome at day 30 when compared to treatment with other antifungals (amphotericin B ± flucytosine, voriconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole) (P=.036). Echinocandins are not an option for these infections.
- MeSH
- Amphotericin B pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Antifungal Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Echinocandins pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Fluconazole pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Fungemia diagnosis drug therapy microbiology MeSH
- Geotrichosis drug therapy microbiology mortality MeSH
- Geotrichum classification drug effects genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Immunocompromised Host MeSH
- Invasive Fungal Infections drug therapy microbiology mortality MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lipopeptides pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Neutropenia complications drug therapy microbiology MeSH
- Registries * MeSH
- Saccharomycetales classification drug effects genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Voriconazole pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
Geotrichum species are widely distributed in nature. They are commonly found in the environment, in foodstuffs and as part of the natural human flora. The best known representative, Geotrichum candidum, is a common part of dairy products mycobiota and plays an important role in the ripening of cheese. On the other hand, this saprophytic yeast also causes food spoilage and there also exists a risk of developing an infection due to G. candidum. However, its ubiquitous character contrasts with the rarity of infection cases.
Lipases from Geotrichum candidum 4013 (extracellular lipase and cell-bound lipase) were immobilized by adsorption on chitosan beads. The enzyme preparations were tested in the synthesis of ester prodrugs from racemic 9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine in dimethylformamide with different vinyl esters (acetate, butyrate, decanoate, laurate, palmitate). The transesterification activities of these immobilized enzymes were compared with commercially available lipases (lipase from hog pancreas, Aspergillus niger, Candida antarctica, Pseudomonas fluorescens). Lipase from Candida antarctica was found to be the most efficient enzyme regarding chemical yield of the desired products, while transesterification by lipase from Aspergillus niger resulted in lower yields.
- MeSH
- Adenine * analogs & derivatives chemical synthesis chemistry MeSH
- Chitosan chemistry MeSH
- Enzymes, Immobilized chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Esterification MeSH
- Esters chemistry MeSH
- Geotrichum enzymology MeSH
- Lipase chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Prodrugs * chemical synthesis chemistry MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Keywords
- citlivost k antimykotikům, hematoonkologie,
- MeSH
- Antifungal Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Cystitis * drug therapy microbiology pathology MeSH
- Geotrichum * isolation & purification pathogenicity drug effects MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mycoses * drug therapy microbiology mortality MeSH
- Treatment Failure MeSH
- Pyelonephritis * ethnology microbiology pathology MeSH
- Pyrimidines therapeutic use MeSH
- Graft Rejection * complications microbiology MeSH
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation * adverse effects MeSH
- Triazoles therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
The fungus Geotrichum candidum 4013 produces two types of lipases (extracellular and cell-bound). Both enzymes were tested for their hydrolytic ability to p-nitrophenyl esters and compounds having a structure similar to the original substrate (triacylglycerols). Higher lipolytic activity of extracellular lipase was observed when triacylglycerols of medium- (C12) and long- (C18) chain fatty acids were used as substrates. Cell-bound lipase preferentially hydrolysed trimyristate (C14). The differences in the abilities of these two enzymes to hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl esters were observed as well. The order of extracellular lipase hydrolysis relation velocity was as follows: p-nitrophenyl decanoate > p-nitrophenyl caprylate > p-nitrophenyl laurate > p-nitrophenyl palmitate > p-nitrophenyl stearate. The cell-bound lipase indicates preference for p-nitrophenyl palmitate. The most striking differences in the ratios between the activity of both lipases (extracellular : cell-bound) towards different fatty acid methyl esters were 2.2 towards methyl hexanoate and 0.46 towards methyl stearate (C18). The Michaelis constant (K(m) ) and maximum reaction rate (V(max) ) for p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis of cell-bound lipase were significantly higher (K(m) 2.462 mM and V(max) 0.210 U/g/min) than those of extracellular lipase (K(m) 0.406 mM and V(max) 0.006 U/g/min).
- MeSH
- Fungal Proteins chemistry genetics metabolism MeSH
- Geotrichum chemistry enzymology genetics MeSH
- Hydrolysis MeSH
- Kinetics MeSH
- Lipase chemistry genetics metabolism MeSH
- Substrate Specificity MeSH
- Triglycerides chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
V rokoch 1995 až 2000 bolo v mykologickom laboratóriu spracovaných 8663 materiálov, u ktorýchsme stanovovali prítomnosť kvasinkovitých mikroorganizmov mikroskopickým a kultivačným vyšetrením,pomocou germ-tube testu, fermentácie a asimilácie cukrov. Vyšetrili sme 3421 materiálovstolice, z ktorých bolo 37 % mykologicky pozitívnych, najčastejšie sa dokázala C. albicans, menejGeotrichum candidum. Z 1736 spút sme izolovali kvasinkovité mikroorganizmy v 48 %, najviac bolavykultivovaná C. albicans. V 2697 steroch z kože a slizníc sme hubové mikroorganizmy našli v 26 %.Z vonkajšieho zvukovodu bolo spracovaných 550 sterov, z ktorých bolo 40 % mykologicky (mikroskopickyaj kultivačne) pozitívnych, hlavným vyvolávateľom otomykóz boli plesne rodu Aspergillus.Z 87 materiálov z oka sme najčastejšie izolovali plesne – Acremonium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicilliumsp. Zo 123 vyšetrení moča bolo 41 % mykologicky pozitívnych, najčastejšie sa izolovala C. albicans.V 49 materiáloch krvi sme kvasinky izolovali trikrát.
In 1995–2000 we examined in the mycological laboratory 8663 specimens for fungal infection bymicroscopical examination cultivation. The species was identified by the germ-tube test, fermentationand assimilation of carbohydrates. We examined 3421 specimens of faeces and found fungalinfection in 37%, the most common was Candida albicans and Geotrichum candidum. In 1736specimens of sputum and bronchial lavage, yeast microorganisms were isolated in 48%, mostlyCandida albicans. In 2697 specimens of skin and mucous membranes in 26% we found fungalmicroorganisms. We examined 550 samples from the external ear, 40% was mycologically positive,the most common infectious agent of otomycosis was Aspergillus sp. Among 87 specimens from eyeswe isolated molds- Acremonium sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. Among 123 samples of urine,41% were mycologically positive, most common was Candida albicans. In 49 blood samples yeastswere found only three times.
- MeSH
- Aspergillus isolation & purification MeSH
- Candida albicans isolation & purification MeSH
- Geotrichum isolation & purification MeSH
- Fungi isolation & purification MeSH
- Candidiasis diagnosis epidemiology microbiology MeSH
- Yeasts isolation & purification MeSH
- Microbiological Techniques methods MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
The study estimates some biochemical changes of chosen immunological and biochemical parameters after intraperitoneal application of a) immunomodulators of microbial origin--Propionibacterium acnes and Geotrichum candidum, b) chemical substances--indomethacin and phenobarbital. The estimation was concentrated above all to the changes of chemiluminiscence, phagocytic activities, the amount of cAMP in peritoneal macrophages, the amount of liver cytochrome P-450 and cAMP in the liver, spleen and thymus. The experiments also included histological examination of the spleen, thymus, lungs and diaphragm. The effect of Propionibacterium acnes was evident as soon as 24 hrs after application. In the frame of studied parameters, there was manifested the nonspecific activation of the immune system by the mechanisms independent to oxygen. The early changes were accompanied by the increase of cAMP in macrophages. In contrary, the intraperitoneal application of Geotrichum candidum activated the release of oxygen radicals from peritoneal macrophages. The amount of the cytochrome P-450 correlated to the intensity of immunomodulation. On the other hand, the induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital decreased the value of several immunity indices.
- MeSH
- Adjuvants, Immunologic * MeSH
- Phagocytosis drug effects MeSH
- Phenobarbital immunology MeSH
- Geotrichum immunology MeSH
- Indomethacin immunology MeSH
- Luminescent Measurements MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Polysaccharides immunology MeSH
- Propionibacterium acnes immunology MeSH
- Serum Albumin, Bovine immunology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
