IMPORTANCE: Advancements in molecular engineering have facilitated the creation of engineered T cells that express synthetic receptors, termed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). This is promising not only in cancer treatment but also in addressing a spectrum of other conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current approaches and future potential of CAR T-cell therapy in the field of neurology, particularly for primary brain tumors and autoimmune neurological disorders. OBSERVATIONS: CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma is promising; however, first-in-human trials did not yield significant success or showed only limited success in a subset of patients. To date, the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapies has been demonstrated in animal models of multiple sclerosis, but larger human studies to corroborate the efficacy remain pending. CAR T cells showed efficacy in treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory aquaporin 4-immunoglobulin G-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Further studies with larger patient populations are needed to confirm these results. Success was reported also for treatment of cases with generalized myasthenia gravis using CAR T cells. Chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells, representing a modified form of CAR T cells directed against autoreactive B cells secreting autoantibodies, were used to selectively target autoreactive anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate B cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions, providing the basis for human studies and application to other types of autoimmune encephalitis associated with neuronal or glial antibodies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: CAR T cells herald a new era in the therapeutic landscape of neurological disorders. While their application in solid tumors, such as glioblastoma, has not universally yielded robust success, emerging innovative strategies show promise, and there is optimism for their effectiveness in certain autoimmune neurological disorders.

• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory * imunologie   MeSH
• glioblastom terapie   imunologie   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní metody   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory mozku terapie   imunologie   MeSH
• neurologie trendy   metody   MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk imunologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Imunoterapie znamená průlom v léčebných paradigmatech některých hematologických malignit. Umožňuje posun od vysoce dávkovaných nespecifických chemoterapeutických protokolů k terapiím specifičtěji cíleným proti jednotlivým maligním komponentám. Kromě toho v mnoha případech stimuluje/moduluje vlastní imunitní systém proti nádorovému procesu, a je tedy všeobecně méně imunosupresivní než chemoterapeutické protokoly. Imunoterapie představuje velmi široký pojem, hrubě ji můžeme dělit na protilátkovou a buněčnou. Tento text má za cíl uvést nejzásadnější a nejperspektivnější postupy buněčné imunoterapie, a to nejen ve smyslu široce skloňovaných CAR-T lymfocytů.

Immunotherapy shifts therapeutic paradigms of several hematological malignancies. It enables a switch from high-dose, non-specific chemotherapy protocols to therapies more specifically targeted against individual malignant components. In many cases it aims to stimulate/support the body’s own immune system against the tumor process and is therefore generally less immunosuppressive than chemotherapy protocols. Immunotherapy represents a very broad issue. It can be roughly divided into antibody mediated and cellular immunotherapy. This text aims to outline the most relevant and promising cell-based approaches, not only in the sense of the widely inflected CAR-T lymphocytes.

• MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• hematologické nádory * farmakoterapie   klasifikace   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoc štěpu proti hostiteli farmakoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment paradigms for hematological malignancies. However, more than half of these patients cannot achieve sustainable tumor control, partially due to the inadequate potency of CAR-T cells in eradicating tumor cells. T cells are crucial components of the anti-tumor immune response, and multiple intrinsic T-cell features significantly influence the outcomes of CAR-T cell therapy. Herein, we review progressing research on T-cell characteristics that impact the effectiveness of CAR-T cells, including T-cell exhaustion, memory subsets, senescence, regulatory T-cells, the CD4+ to CD8+ T-cell ratio, metabolism, and the T-cell receptor repertoire. With comprehensive insight into the biological processes underlying successful CAR-T cell therapy, we will further refine the applications of these novel therapeutic modalities, and enhance their efficacy and safety for patients.

• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory * imunologie   MeSH
• hematologické nádory * terapie   imunologie   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Sekundární imunodeficience (SID) je velmi častou komplikací hematologických, onkologických či jiných chronických onemocnění a je velmi často podceňována a přehlížena. SID vzniká jak vlivem základního onemocnění, tak vlivem podávané léčby a zvyšuje morbiditu i mortalitu. Nejčastěji se jedná o deficit humorální imunity a klinicky se SID projevuje zvýšenou frekvencí, přítomností neobvyklých komplikací u běžných infekcí a také výskytem oportunních infekcí. Substituční léčba imunoglobuliny je u těchto pacientů indikovaná a významně snižuje nemocnost pacientů včetně spotřeby antibiotik, potřeby hospitalizací pro infekční komplikace a zároveň snižuje mortalitu způsobenou infekčními agens. Moderní terapie, jako je CAR T terapie či bispecifické protilátky, prokazatelně zhoršují imunitu, a proto potřeba substituční terapie imunoglobuliny, ať ve formě subkutánní či intravenózní, bývá nezbytná. V tomto textu není řešena problematika antiinfekční profylaxe ani vakcinace, je řešena až kauzální léčba SID.

Secondary immunodeficiency (SID) is a very common complication of hematologic, oncologic, or other chronic diseases and is often underestimated and overlooked. SID arises both as a result of the underlying disease and as a consequence of the administered treatment, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. It most commonly involves a deficiency in humoral immunity and clinically manifests as an increased frequency of infections, the presence of unusual complications from common infections, and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is indicated for these patients as it significantly reduces patient morbidity, including the use of antibiotics, the need for hospitalization due to infectious complications, and also decreases mortality caused by infectious agents. Modern therapies, such as CAR-T therapy or bispecific antibodies, have been shown to impair the immune system, making immunoglobulin replacement therapy, whether in subcutaneous or intravenous form, often necessary. This text does not address the issue of anti-infective prophylaxis or vaccination; it only deals with the causal treatment of SID.

• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hematologické nádory komplikace   MeSH
• imunoglobuliny aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oportunní infekce farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pasivní imunizace MeSH
• syndromy imunologické nedostatečnosti * diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the outcomes of patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-Tx), with a focus on outcomes after CAR T-cell failure, and to define the risk factors for rapid progression and further treatment. METHODS: We analysed 107 patients with LBCL from the Czech Republic and Slovakia who were treated in ≥3rd-line with tisagenlecleucel or axicabtagene ciloleucel between 2019 and 2022. RESULTS: The overall response rate (ORR) was 60%, with a 50% complete response (CR) rate. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 4.3 and 26.4 months, respectively. Sixty-three patients (59%) were refractory or relapsed after CAR-Tx. Of these patients, 39 received radiotherapy or systemic therapy, with an ORR of 22% (CR 8%). The median follow-up of surviving patients in whom treatment failed was 10.6 months. Several factors predicting further treatment administration and outcomes were present even before CAR-Tx. Risk factors for not receiving further therapy after CAR-Tx failure were high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels before apheresis, extranodal involvement (EN), high ferritin levels before lymphodepletion (LD) and ECOG PS >1 at R/P. The median OS-2 (from R/P after CAR-Tx) was 6.7 months (6-month 57.9%) for treated patients and 0.4 months (6-month 4.2%) for untreated patients (p < 0.001). The median PFS-2 (from R/P after CAR-Tx) was 3.2 months (6-month 28.5%) for treated patients. The risk factors for a shorter PFS-2 (n = 39) included: CRP > limit of the normal range (LNR) before LD, albumin < LNR and ECOG PS > 1 at R/P. All these factors, together with LDH > LNR before LD and EN involvement at R/P, predicted OS-2 for treated patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings allow better stratification of CAR-Tx candidates and stress the need for a proactive approach (earlier restaging, intervention after partial remission achievement).

• MeSH
• antigeny CD19 imunologie   MeSH
• biologické přípravky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory imunologie   MeSH
• difúzní velkobuněčný B-lymfom * terapie   mortalita   imunologie   MeSH
• doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

PURPOSE: Convalescent plasma (CP) collected from people who recovered from COVID-19 became a rapidly available treatment modality in numerous countries, including the Czech Republic. The aims of our study were to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CP in the treatment of COVID-19. METHODS: This retrospective observational study involved six Czech hospitals. This study enrolled patients with and without CP treatment who were hospitalized between April 2020 and April 2021. Propensity score matching and logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate the influence of CP administration and its timing on the in-hospital survival of COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: A total of 1,498 patients were enrolled in the study; 406 (27%) were administered CP, and 1,092 (73%) were not treated with CP. The propensity score-matched control group consisted of 1,218 subjects. The survival of patients treated with CP was 79%, while that of patients in the matched control group was 62% (P<0.001). Moreover, the chance of survival was significantly greater when CP was administered within three days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms than when CP was administered after four or more days (87% vs. 76%, P <0.001). In addition, adverse effects related to CP administration were recorded in only 2% of patients and were considered mild in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the administration of CP was safe and possibly associated with positive effects that were more pronounced if CP was administered within the first three days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * terapie   mortalita   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pasivní imunizace * metody   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sérologická léčba covidu-19 * MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The non-viral production of CAR-T cells through electroporation of transposon DNA plasmids is an alternative approach to lentiviral/retroviral methods. This method is particularly suitable for early-phase clinical trials involving novel types of CAR-T cells. The primary disadvantage of non-viral methods is the lower production efficiency compared to viral-based methods, which becomes a limiting factor for CAR-T production, especially in chemotherapy-pretreated lymphopenic patients. METHODS: We describe a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant protocol for producing CD19 and CD123-specific CAR-T cells based on the electroporation of transposon vectors. The lymphocytes were purified from the blood of patients undergoing chemotherapy for B-NHL or AML and were electroporated with piggyBac transposon encoding CAR19 or CAR123, respectively. Electroporated cells were then polyclonally activated by anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and a combination of cytokines (IL-4, IL-7, IL-21). The expansion was carried out in the presence of irradiated allogeneic blood-derived mononuclear cells (i.e., the feeder) for up to 21 days. RESULTS: Expansion in the presence of the feeder enhanced CAR-T production yield (4.5-fold in CAR19 and 9.3-fold in CAR123). Detailed flow-cytometric analysis revealed the persistence of early-memory CAR-T cells and a low vector-copy number after production in the presence of the feeder, with no negative impact on the cytotoxicity of feeder-produced CAR19 and CAR123 T cells. Furthermore, large-scale manufacturing of CAR19 carried out under GMP conditions using PBMCs obtained from B-NHL patients (starting number=200x10e6 cells) enabled the production of >50x10e6 CAR19 in 7 out of 8 cases in the presence of the feeder while only in 2 out of 8 cases without the feeder. CONCLUSIONS: The described approach enables GMP-compatible production of sufficient numbers of CAR19 and CAR123 T cells for clinical application and provides the basis for non-viral manufacturing of novel experimental CAR-T cells that can be tested in early-phase clinical trials. This manufacturing approach can complement and advance novel experimental immunotherapeutic strategies against human hematologic malignancies.

• MeSH
• akutní myeloidní leukemie * terapie   imunologie   genetika   MeSH
• allogeneické buňky imunologie   MeSH
• antigeny CD19 * imunologie   genetika   MeSH
• B-buněčný lymfom terapie   imunologie   genetika   MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory * genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• elektroporace MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podkladové buňky MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

COVID-19 has been associated with high mortality in patients treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for hematologic malignancies. Here, we investigated whether the outcome has improved over time with the primary objective of assessing COVID-19-attributable mortality in the Omicron period of 2022 compared to previous years. Data for this multicenter study were collected using the MED-A and COVID-19 report forms developed by the EBMT. One-hundred-eighty patients were included in the analysis, 39 diagnosed in 2020, 35 in 2021 and 106 in 2022. The median age was 58.9 years (min-max: 5.2-78.4). There was a successive decrease in COVID-19-related mortality over time (2020: 43.6%, 2021: 22.9%, 2022: 7.5%) and in multivariate analysis year of infection was the strongest predictor of survival (p = 0.0001). Comparing 2022 with 2020-2021, significantly fewer patients had lower respiratory symptoms (21.7% vs 37.8%, p = 0.01), needed oxygen support (25.5% vs 43.2%, p = 0.01), or were admitted to ICU (5.7% vs 33.8%, p = 0.0001). Although COVID-19-related mortality has decreased over time, CAR T-cell recipients remain at higher risk for complications than the general population. Consequently, vigilant monitoring for COVID-19 in patients undergoing B-cell-targeting CAR T-cell treatment is continuously recommended ensuring optimal prevention of infection and advanced state-of-the art treatment when needed.

• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory imunologie   MeSH
• COVID-19 * terapie   imunologie   mortalita   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hematologické nádory * terapie   mortalita   imunologie   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * metody   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

x

x

• Klíčová slova
• palivizumab, vakcína Arexvy, vakcína Abrysvo,
• MeSH
• infekce respiračními syncytiálními viry * diagnóza   epidemiologie   mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• pasivní imunizace metody   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• vakcinace * ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcíny proti respiračnímu syncyciálnímu viru aplikace a dávkování   genetika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown promise in patients with late-line refractory multiple myeloma, with response rates ranging from 73 to 98%. To date, three products have been approved: Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada (ide-cel only), and Brazil ANVISA (cilta-cel only); and equecabtagene autoleucel (eque-cel), which was approved by the Chinese National Medical Products Administration. CAR T-cell therapy is different from previous anti-myeloma therapeutics with unique toxic effects that require distinct mitigation strategies. Thus, a panel of experts from the International Myeloma Working Group was assembled to provide guidance for clinical use of CAR T-cell therapy in myeloma. This consensus opinion is from experts in the field of haematopoietic cell transplantation, cell therapy, and multiple myeloma therapeutics.

• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory * imunologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• konsensus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom * terapie   imunologie   MeSH
• receptory antigenů T-buněk terapeutické užití   imunologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH