- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Hallucinogens poisoning MeSH
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Methoxydimethyltryptamines * poisoning MeSH
- Critical Care MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders complications MeSH
- Bufonidae * MeSH
- Emergency Medical Services MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
BACKGROUND: 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (hereinafter referred to as 5-MeO-DMT) is a psychedelic substance found in the secretion from the parotoid glands of the Bufo alvarius toad. Inhalation of vapor from toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT has become popular in naturalistic settings as a treatment of mental health problems or as a means for spiritual exploration. However, knowledge of the effects of 5-MeO-DMT in humans is limited. AIMS: The first objective of this study was to assess sub-acute and long-term effects of inhaling vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT on affect and cognition. The second objective was to assess whether any changes were associated with the psychedelic experience. METHODS: Assessments at baseline, within 24 h and 4 weeks following intake, were made in 42 individuals who inhaled vapor from dried toad secretion at several European locations. RESULTS: Relative to baseline, ratings of satisfaction with life and convergent thinking significantly increased right after intake and were maintained at follow-up 4 weeks later. Ratings of mindfulness also increased over time and reached statistical significance at 4 weeks. Ratings of depression, anxiety, and stress decreased after the session, and reached significance at 4 weeks. Participants that experienced high levels of ego dissolution or oceanic boundlessness during the session displayed higher ratings of satisfaction with life and lower ratings of depression and stress. CONCLUSION: A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT produces sub-acute and long-term changes in affect and cognition in volunteers. These results warrant exploratory research into therapeutic applications of 5-MeO-DMT.
- MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Mental Disorders drug therapy epidemiology psychology MeSH
- Hallucinogens administration & dosage MeSH
- Cognition drug effects physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Methoxydimethyltryptamines administration & dosage MeSH
- Follow-Up Studies MeSH
- Personal Satisfaction * MeSH
- Bufonidae MeSH
- Vaping psychology MeSH
- Mindfulness methods MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (acronymized as 5-MeO-DMT) is sui generis among the numerous naturally occurring psychoactive substances due to its unparalleled ego-dissolving effects which can culminate in a state of nondual consciousness that is phenomenologically similar to transformative peak experiences described in various ancient contemplative traditions (e.g., Advaita Vedānta, Mahāyāna Buddhism, inter alia). The enigmatic molecule is endogenous to the human brain and has profound psychological effects which are hitherto only very poorly understood due to the absence of scientifically controlled human experimental trials. Its exact neuronal receptor binding profile is a matter of ongoing research; however, empirical evidence indicates that its remarkable psychoactivity is partially mediated via agonism of the 5-HT1A/2A (serotonin) receptor subtypes. Anthropological/ethnopharmacological evidence indicates that various cultures utilized 5-MeO-DMT containing plants for medicinal, psychological, and spiritual purposes for millennia. We propose that this naturally occurring serotonergic compound could be fruitfully utilized as a neurochemical research tool with the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the psychological and neuronal processes which underpin cognition and creativity (e.g., downregulation of the default mode network, increased global functional connectivity, neuroplasticity, σ1 receptor interactions, etc.). An eclectic interdisciplinary perspective is adopted, and we present converging evidence from a plurality of sources in support of our conjecture. Specifically, we argue that 5-MeO-DMT has significant neuropsychopharmacological potential due to its incommensurable capacity to completely disintegrate self-referential cognitive/neuronal processes (viz., ego death). The importance of unbiased systematic scientific research on naturally occurring endogenous psychoactive compounds is discussed from a Jamesian radical empiricism perspective, and potential scenarios of abuse are addressed, particularly in the context of neuroethics, cybernetic manipulation, and military research on torture.
Ayahuasca is a drink made from two plants native to the Amazon, Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which contain the psychoactive chemicals: harmala alkaloids and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The drink has long been used by aboriginal populations for its putative spiritual and medicinal benefits in countries such as Brazil, Ecuador and Peru. In the 20th century, ayahuasca spread beyond its native habitat and has been incorporated into syncretistic practices that are being adopted by non-indigenous peoples in modern Western contexts. Ayahuasca‘s globalization in the past few decades has led to a number of legal cases which pit religious freedom against national drug control laws. Two principal constituents of ayahuasca are harmala alkaloids and DMT. These compounds, when ingested in combination, produce a unique biochemical synergy resulting in profound idiosyncratic psychoactive effects. Harmala alkaloids are controlled substances in some countries and DMT is prohibited by international drug control conventions. Therefore relatively little is known about therapeutic use of ayahuasca. This article provides an overview of ayahuasca and explores some of the medical and philosophical implications of contemporary ayahuasca use.
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, globalizace, tradiční místní znalosti, využití v medicíně, harmalové alkaloidy,
- MeSH
- Banisteriopsis chemistry MeSH
- Hallucinations MeSH
- Hallucinogens pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Cardiovascular System drug effects MeSH
- Lethal Dose 50 MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Models, Animal MeSH
- N,N-Dimethyltryptamine MeSH
- Plant Extracts pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Serotonin MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Amanita chemistry MeSH
- Atropine pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Hallucinogens pharmacokinetics pharmacology chemistry MeSH
- Fungi chemistry MeSH
- Indole Alkaloids pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Isoxazoles pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Ibotenic Acid pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Muscimol pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- N,N-Dimethyltryptamine pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Psilocybin pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Plant Preparations pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Scopolamine pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Solanaceae chemistry MeSH
- Tropanes pharmacokinetics pharmacology isolation & purification MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- Bufotenin pharmacology MeSH
- Central Nervous System MeSH
- Hallucinogens * pharmacology classification MeSH
- Ibogaine pharmacology MeSH
- Amphibian Venoms MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- N,N-Dimethyltryptamine MeSH
- Mushroom Poisoning MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders * MeSH
- Psilocybin pharmacology MeSH
- Schizophrenia MeSH
- Forensic Toxicology legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Psychoses, Substance-Induced MeSH
- Toxicology MeSH
- Tryptamines pharmacology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
1. vyd. 364 s. : il. ; 20 cm
- Keywords
- psychedelika,
- MeSH
- Pineal Gland MeSH
- Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical MeSH
- N,N-Dimethyltryptamine MeSH
- Psychophysiology MeSH
- Serotonin pharmacology MeSH
- Research MeSH
- Publication type
- Essay MeSH
- Conspectus
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NML Fields
- psychofarmakologie
- adiktologie
- okultní vědy
