In almost all photosynthetic organisms the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) are Mg2+ containing complexes, but Mg2+ may be exchanged against other metal ions when these are present in toxic concentrations, leading to inactivation of photosynthesis. In this report we studied mechanisms of copper toxicity to the photosynthetic apparatus of Acidiphilium rubrum, an acidophilic purple bacterium that uses Zn2+ instead of Mg2+ as the central metal in the BChl molecules ([Zn]-BChl) of its reaction centres (RCs) and light harvesting proteins (LH1). We used a combination of in vivo measurements of photosynthetic activity (fast fluorescence and absorption kinetics) together with analysis of metal binding to pigments and pigment-protein complexes by HPLC-ICP-sfMS to monitor the effect of Cu2+ on photosynthesis of A. rubrum. Further, we found that its cytoplasmic pH is neutral. We compared these results with those obtained from Rhodospirillum rubrum, a purple bacterium for which we previously reported that the central Mg2+ of BChl can be replaced in vivo in the RCs by Cu2+ under environmentally realistic Cu2+ concentrations, leading to a strong inhibition of photosynthesis. Thus, we observed that A. rubrum is much more resistant to copper toxicity than R. rubrum. Only slight changes of photosynthetic parameters were observed in A. rubrum at copper concentrations that were severely inhibitory in R. rubrum and in A. rubrum no copper complexes of BChl were found. Altogether, the data suggest that [Zn]-BChl protects the photosynthetic apparatus of A. rubrum from detrimental insertion of Cu2+ (trans-metallation) into BChl molecules of its RCs.
- MeSH
- Acidiphilium chemie MeSH
- bakteriochlorofyl A chemie MeSH
- fotosyntéza MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- hořčík chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- měď chemie toxicita MeSH
- Rhodospirillum rubrum chemie MeSH
- světlosběrné proteinové komplexy chemie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zinek chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
During the millions of years of evolution, photosynthetic organisms have adapted to almost all terrestrial and aquatic habitats, although some environments are obviously more suitable for photosynthesis than others. Photosynthetic organisms living in low-light conditions require on the one hand a large light-harvesting apparatus to absorb as many photons as possible. On the other hand, the excitation trapping time scales with the size of the light-harvesting system, and the longer the distance over which the formed excitations have to be transferred, the larger the probability to lose excitations. Therefore a compromise between photon capture efficiency and excitation trapping efficiency needs to be found. Here we report results on the whole cells of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum. Its efficiency of excitation energy transfer and charge separation enables the organism to live in environments with very low illumination. Using fluorescence measurements with picosecond resolution, we estimate that despite a rather large size and complex composition of its light-harvesting apparatus, the quantum efficiency of its photochemistry is around ~87% at 20 °C, ~83% at 45 °C, and about ~81% at 77 K when part of the excitation energy is trapped by low-energy bacteriochlorophyll a molecules. The data are evaluated using target analysis, which provides further insight into the functional organization of the low-light adapted photosynthetic apparatus.
- MeSH
- bakteriochlorofyl A fyziologie MeSH
- Chlorobi fyziologie MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- fluorometrie metody MeSH
- fotochemie * MeSH
- fotosyntéza * MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- přenos energie fyziologie MeSH
- světlosběrné proteinové komplexy metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are an important component of marine microbial communities. They produce energy in light using bacteriochlorophyll a containing photosystems. This extra energy provides an advantage over purely heterotrophic bacteria. One of the most intensively studied AAP bacteria is Dinoroseobacter shibae, a member of the environmentally important Roseobacter clade. Light stimulates its growth and metabolism, but the effect of light intensity remains unclear. Here, we show that an increase in biomass along an irradiance gradient followed the exponential rise to the maximum curve, with saturation at about 300 µmol photons m-2 s-1 , without any inhibition at light intensities up to 600 µmol photons m-2 s-1 . The cells adapted to higher irradiance by reducing pigmentation and increasing the electron transfer rate. This additional energy allowed D. shibae to redirect the metabolism of organic carbon sources such as glucose, leucine, glutamate, acetate and pyruvate toward anabolism, resulting in a twofold increase of their assimilation rates. We provide equations that can be feasibly incorporated into the existing model of D. shibae metabolism to further advance our understanding of the role of photoheterotrophy in the ocean.
- MeSH
- bakteriochlorofyl A metabolismus MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- energetický metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- fotosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- organické látky metabolismus MeSH
- Roseobacter metabolismus MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- transport elektronů fyziologie MeSH
- vodní organismy metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A red-pigmented, bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a-producing strain, AP64T, was isolated previously from the freshwater Swan Lake located in the western Gobi Desert. Based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence identity (96.1%) to the type strain Gemmatimonas aurantiaca T-27T, the new isolate was tentatively classified as a member of the bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes. Here, we report its formal description and polyphasic characterization. Strain AP64T grew best on agar media under 9.8-15.2% atmospheric oxygen. The cells were rods, dividing by symmetrical or asymmetrical binary fission. Budding structures were also observed. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 64.4% (from the draft genome sequence). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence clearly separated AP64T from related species. Its genotypic differentiation from phylogenetically close relatives was further supported by performing in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and calculating average nucleotide identity, whereas the high percentage (67.3%) of shared conserved proteins between strain AP64T and Gemmatimonas aurantiaca T-27T supports the classification of the two strains into the same genus. Strain AP64T contained C16 : 1, C14 : 1 and C18 : 1ω9c as predominant fatty acids. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone 8 (MK-8). The most distinctive feature of strain AP64T was the presence of fully functional purple bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres. The main CO2-fixation pathways were absent. Strain AP64T was capable of growth and BChl production in constant darkness. Thus, strain AP64T is a facultatively photoheterotrophic organism. It represents a novel species of the genus Gemmatimonas, for which the name Gemmatimonasphototrophica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AP64T ( = DSM 29774T = MCCC 1K00454T). Emended descriptions of the genus Gemmatimonas and Gemmatimonas aurantiaca are also provided.
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- bakteriochlorofyl A chemie MeSH
- DNA bakterií genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
- jezera mikrobiologie MeSH
- mastné kyseliny chemie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- pouštní klima MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- sladká voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
- vitamin K 2 analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- zastoupení bazí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
The distribution of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs (AAPs) was surveyed in various regions of the Mediterranean Sea in spring and summer. These phototrophic bacteria were present within the euphotic layer at all sampled stations. The AAP abundances increased with increasing trophic status ranging from 2.5 × 10(3) cells per ml in oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean up to 90 × 10(3) cells per ml in the Bay of Villefranche. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs made up on average 1-4% of total prokaryotes in low nutrient areas, whereas in coastal and more productive stations these organisms represented 3-11% of total prokaryotes. Diel bacteriochlorophyll a decay measurements showed that AAP community in the Western Mediterranean grew rapidly, at rates from 1.13 to 1.42 day(-1). The lower AAP abundances registered in the most oligotrophic waters suggest that they are relatively poor competitors under nutrient limiting conditions. Instead, AAPs appear to be metabolically active organisms, which thrive better in more eutrophic environments providing the necessary substrates to maintain high growth rates.
- MeSH
- aerobní bakterie růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- bakteriochlorofyl A analýza MeSH
- fluorometrie MeSH
- fototrofní procesy MeSH
- mořská voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- zátoky mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Středozemní moře MeSH
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were recently found to constitute a significant portion of the marine microbial community. These bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll-containing reaction centers to perform photoheterotrophic metabolism. A new instrument for routine measurements of both chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a was used for monitoring anoxygenic phototrophs in the Baltic Sea in late summer 2003. Bacteriochlorophyll a concentration ranged from 8 to 50 ngl(-1), with an average bacteriochlorophyll/chlorophyll ratio of 4.2 x 10(-3). Moreover, diel trends in bacteriochlorophyll a signals were observed, with a distinct decline occurring during daylight hours. Based on laboratory measurements this phenomenon was ascribed to the complete inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis by light, which, in combination with a concurrent turnover of the cells, resulted in a pigment decline. Following this explanation, we postulate that bacteriochlorophyll a can serve as a natural 'pulse-and-chase' marker, allowing estimation of the mortality rates of anoxygenic phototrophs from the rates of pigment decline. Based on this assumption, we suggest that the Baltic photoheterotrophic community was characterized by high turnover rates, in a range of 0.7-2 d(-1).
- MeSH
- aerobióza MeSH
- bakteriochlorofyl A metabolismus MeSH
- bakteriologické techniky metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fluorometrie přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- fotosyntéza MeSH
- mořská voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- plankton růst a vývoj MeSH
- Sphingomonadaceae růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- oceány a moře MeSH
- pobaltské republiky MeSH