A hapten-protein conjugate with copper nanoparticles (Hap-Car-BSA@CuNPs) was first synthesized in the present work for the determination of carbaryl. The copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) of the conjugate were used as electrochemical labels in the direct solid-phase competitive determination of carbaryl residues in flour from different crops. The signal was read by linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV) of copper (through the electrochemical stripping of accumulated elemental copper) on a gold-graphite electrode (GGE). To form a recognition receptor layer of monoclonal antibodies against the carbaryl on the surface of the GGE, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and 1-hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (NHS) were used as the best covalent cross-linkers. The concentrations of the antibodies and the Hap-Car-BSA@CuNPs conjugate were optimized for carbaryl detection by the electrochemical immunosensor. The electrochemical immunosensor can be used for highly sensitive determination of carbaryl residues in flour samples in the concentration range 0.8-32.3 μg·kg-1, with a limit of detection 0.08 μg·kg-1. The present work paves the path for a novel method for monitoring carbaryl in other food products, drinks, and soil samples.
Chemical exposure during the early life stages of development may have long lasting effects on organisms that are rarely studied. The present work intended to evaluate the effect of embryonic exposure to the pesticide carbaryl on adult fish behavior. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed, for 4 days, to sublethal concentrations of carbaryl (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L) plus a control and then kept in standard cultivation conditions until adulthood. A battery of behavioral tests was then performed to assess anxiety-like behavior (locomotor activity, thigmotaxis and novel tank diving test), social behavior, and feeding. Developmental exposure of zebrafish to sublethal concentrations of carbaryl produced important behavioral alterations in the adulthood. Main effects included decreased locomotion/hypoactivity (increase in slow movements and decrease of medium and rapid movements), especially in the light periods. Moreover, spatial pattern also changed: while during dark periods control fish increased activity in the outer zone of the tank, this was not observed in exposed fish. Overall, this demonstrated the importance of life stage exposure, clearly demonstrating long lasting effects of a (chemical) stress event at embryonic stages. This data supports the need of considering this scenario in environmental risk evaluations. Further work should focus on the mechanistic effects of developmental disruption responsible for the effects observed.
- MeSH
- Behavior, Animal drug effects MeSH
- Zebrafish embryology MeSH
- Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects MeSH
- Insecticides toxicity MeSH
- Carbaryl toxicity MeSH
- Locomotion drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Bylo vyčesáno 38 dětí napadených vší dětskou, celkem bylo vyčesáno 498 vší (larev 2. a 3. vývojového stadia, samice i samci), které byly vystaveny vlivu v in vitro testech odvšivovacím přípravkům Diffusil H Forte Spray (carbaryl 1%), Diffusil Care (isopropyl myristat, cyclomethicon, dimethiconol) a Paranit (olej z kokosového ořechu, anýzový olej a olej z rostliny ylang ylang). Mortalita vší byla 100% u přípravků Diffusil H Forte Spray a Diffusil Care, vlivem přípravku Paranit uhynulo jen 12,2 % exponovaných vší.
A total of 498 head lice (2nd and 3rd instar larvae, females and males) combed out of the hair of 38 children, were exposed to the delousing formulations Diffusil H Forte Spray (carbaryl 1%), Diffusil Care (isopropyl myristate, cyclomethicone, and dimethiconol) and Paranit (coconut oil, anise oil, and ylang ylang oil) in in vitro tests. The first two formulations, i.e. Diffusil H Forte Spray and Diffusil Care, caused 100% mortality of exposed lice, while Paranit only killed 12.2% of exposed lice.
- Keywords
- Diffusil H Forte Spray, Diffusil Care, Paranit,
- MeSH
- Insect Control methods MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Pharmacologic Actions MeSH
- Carbaryl therapeutic use MeSH
- Drug Resistance drug effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Myristates therapeutic use MeSH
- Plant Oils therapeutic use MeSH
- Pediculus drug effects MeSH
- Siloxanes therapeutic use MeSH
- Lice Infestations drug therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
Bylo vyčesáno 38 dětí napadených vší dětskou, celkem vyčesáno 498 vší (larev 2. a 3. vývojového stadia, samic i samců), které byly vystaveny vlivu v in vitro testech odvšivovacím přípravkům Diffusil H Forte Spray (carbaryl 1%), Diffusil Care (isopropyl myristat, cyclomethicon, dimethiconol) a Paranit (olej z kokosového ořechu, anýzový olej a olej z rostliny ylang ylang). Mortalita vší byla 100% u přípravků Diffusil H Forte Spray a Diffusil Care, vlivem přípravku Paranit uhynulo jen 12,2 % exponovaných vší.
A total of 498 head lice (2nd and 3rd instar larvae, females and males) combed out of the hair of 38 children, were exposed to the delousing formulations Diffusil H Forte Spray (carbaryl 1%), Diffusil Care (isopropyl myristate, cyclomethicone, and dimethiconol) and Paranit (coconut oil, anise oil, and ylang ylang oil) in in vitro tests. The first two formulations, i. e. Diffusil H Forte Spray and Diffusil Care, caused 100% mortality of exposed lice, while Paranit only killed 12.2% of exposed lice.
- Keywords
- in vitro účinnost, nové odvšivovací přípravky,
- MeSH
- Scalp Dermatoses parasitology MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Insecticides pharmacology MeSH
- Carbaryl pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Myristates pharmacology MeSH
- Plant Oils pharmacology MeSH
- Pediculus drug effects MeSH
- Siloxanes pharmacology MeSH
- In Vitro Techniques MeSH
- Lice Infestations parasitology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
Napadení vší dětskou (Pediculus capitis) je parazitární onemocnění, označované jako pedikulóza. Její výskyt se v posledních letech výrazně zvyšuje ve všech rozvinutých zemích světa, včetně České republiky. Za příčinu je považována rezistence k odvšivovacím přípravkům. U nás byla již v roce 1992 prokázána rezistence vši dětské k permethrinu a v roce 2004 rezistence k malathionu, což jsou celosvětově nejčastěji používané insekticidy k odvšivování. Rezistence byla příčinou ztráty účinnosti odvšivovacích přípravků, které uvedené látky obsahovaly a které byly v té době na našem trhu jediné, což mělo za následek výrazné zvýšení výskytu pedikulózy. V současné době jsou u nás v rámci specifického léčebného programu povolena dvě odvšivovací léčiva (vlasová voda a insekticidní šampon), z nichž prvé obsahuje carbaryl (vlasová voda Diffusil H Forte spray) a další d-phenothrin (insekticidní šampon Porasidose Shampooig).
Head louse (Pediculus capitis) infestation is a parasitic disease referred to as pediculosis. In recent years, its incidence has been increasing significantly in all developed countries including the Czech Republic. This is considered to be due to resistance to anti-louse preparations. In the Czech Republic, head louse resistance to permethrin was demonstrated as early as in 1992 and that to malathion in 2004, these two being the most commonly used anti-louse insecticides worldwide. The anti-louse preparations, which contained the above mentioned substances and were the only ones available in the market in the Czech Republic at that time, had ceased to be effective due to resistance, which resulted in a markedly increased incidence of pediculosis. Currently, two anti-louse medications (a hair tonic and an insecticide shampoo) are approved within a specific therapeutic programme, one of which contains carbaryl (Diffusil H Forte hair tonic) and the other contains d-phenothrin (Parasidose Shampooing insecticide shampoo).
- MeSH
- Bartonella quintana isolation & purification pathogenicity MeSH
- Borrelia Infections parasitology prevention & control transmission MeSH
- Communicable Diseases diagnosis etiology transmission MeSH
- Carbaryl pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Malathion pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Pediculus parasitology growth & development drug effects MeSH
- Permethrin pharmacokinetics adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Preventive Medicine methods MeSH
- Insecticide Resistance immunology drug effects MeSH
- Rickettsia prowazekii isolation & purification pathogenicity MeSH
- Hair Preparations pharmacology MeSH
- Lice Infestations etiology complications parasitology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Napadení vší dětskou (Pediculus capitis) je parazitární onemocnění, označované jako pedikulóza. Její výskyt se v posledních letech výrazně zvyšuje ve všech rozvinutých zemích světa, včetně České republiky. Za příčinu je považována rezistence k odvšivovacím léčivům. U nás byla již v roce 1992 prokázána rezistence vši dětské k permethrinu a v roce 2004 rezistence k malathionu, což jsou insekticidy celosvětově nejčastěji používané k odvšivování. Rezistence byla příčinou ztráty účinnosti tehdejších odvšivovacích přípravků na našem trhu, které uvedené látky obsahovaly, což mělo za následek výrazné zvýšení výskytu pedikulózy. V současné době jsou u nás v rámci specifického léčebného programu povolena 2 odvšivovací léčiva (vlasová voda a insekticidní šampon), z nichž prvé obsahuje carbaryl a další d-phenothrin.
The lice infection (Pediculus capitis) in children is a parasitic disease described as pediculosis. Its prevalence significantly increases in all developed countries in the world including the Czech Republic. Resistance to treatment is considered to be the primary cause. In the Czech Republic resistance to permethrine was discovered in 1992 and in 2004 resistance to malathion the most widely used agent in the world was found. Resistance was also the cause of loss of anti-infective efficacy to former Czech agents containing these agents (Orthosan BF 45, Diffusil H a Diffusil H 92 M), that lead to an increase of pediculosis prevalence. Currently delousing is permitted with Diffusil H Forte containing carbaryl. Another permitted insecticide shampoo is Parasidose Shampooing, containing d-phenothrin.
- Keywords
- Pedicul Hermal,
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Insecticides chemistry classification therapeutic use MeSH
- Carbaryl therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Phthiraptera classification drug effects MeSH
- Pyrethrins therapeutic use MeSH
- Insecticide Resistance MeSH
- Lice Infestations epidemiology transmission therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
Napadení vší dětskou (Pediculus capitis) je parazitární onemocnění, označované jako pedikulóza. Její výskyt se v posledních letech výrazně zvyšuje ve všech rozvinutých zemích světa, včetně České republiky. Za příčinu je považována rezistence k odvšivovacím léčivům. U nás byla již v roce 1992 prokázána rezistence vši dětské k permethrinu a v roce 2004 rezistence k malathionu, což jsou insekticidy celosvětově nejčastěji používané k odvšivování. Rezistence byla příčinou ztráty účinnosti tehdejších odvšivovacích přípravků na našem trhu, které uvedené látky obsahovaly, což mělo za následek výrazné zvýšení výskytu pedikulózy. V současné době jsou u nás v rámci specifického léčebného programu povolena 2 odvšivovací léčiva (vlasová voda a insekticidní šampon), z nichž prvé obsahuje carbaryl a další d-phenothrin.
The lice infection (Pediculus capitis) in children is a parasitic disease described as pediculosis. Its prevalence significantly increases in all developed countries in the world including the Czech Republic. Resistance to treatment is considered to be the primary cause. In the Czech Republic resistance to permethrine was discovered in 1992 and in 2004 resistance to malathion the most widely used agent in the world was found. Resistance was also the cause of loss of anti-infective efficacy to former Czech agents containing these agents (Orthosan BF 45, Diffusil H a Diffusil H 92 M), that lead to an increase of pediculosis prevalence. Currently delousing is permitted with Diffusil H Forte containing carbaryl. Another permitted insecticide shampoo is Parasidose Shampooing, containing d-phenothrin.
- Keywords
- Pedicul Hermal,
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Epidemiologic Studies MeSH
- Insecticides administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Carbaryl administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Drug Resistance drug effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Malathion therapeutic use MeSH
- Permethrin therapeutic use MeSH
- Phthiraptera pathogenicity MeSH
- Lice Infestations epidemiology transmission therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
Kinetics of hydrolysis of acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine by two types of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by 13 new inhibitors (5 carbamates and 8 carbazates--hydrazinium derivatives) was measured in vitro in a batch reactor at 25 degrees C, pH 8, ionic strength 0.11 M and enzyme activity 3.5 U by four nondependent analytical methods. Sevin, rivastigmin (Exelon) and galantamin (Reminyl) served as comparative inhibiting standards. Kinetics of hydrolyses inhibited by all studied carbamates, sevin, carbazates (with exceptions) and rivastigmin (with exceptions) can be simulated by the competitive inhibition model with irreversible reaction between enzyme and inhibitor. Galantamin does not fulfil this model. In positive simulations, the value of inhibition (carbamoylation) rate constant k3 was calculated, describing the reaction velocity between the given enzyme and inhibitor. Physiologically important hydrolyses of acetylcholine catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase from electric eel or bovine erythrocytes and butyrylcholinesterase from horse plasma can be most quickly inhibited by carbamoylation of the mentioned enzymes by the 3-N,N-diethylaminophenyl-N'-(1-alkyl) carbamates 4 and 5. Probably this is due to a long enough hydrocarbon aliphatic substituent (hexyl and octyl) on the amidic nitrogen atom. The tested carbazates failed as inhibitors of cholinesterases. The regeneration ability of the inhibited enzymes was not measured.
- MeSH
- Carbaryl administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Malathion administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Pediculus epidemiology MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- Lice Infestations drug therapy MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
