Background: Hydatidosis is a deadly parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. It has received much attention due to widespread health and economic concerns. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three hydatid cysts from the slaughterhouse and butcher shops were analyzed, 17 from the lung and 16 from the liver. The specimens were collected from hydatid fluid and grown on nutritional agar and MacConkey agar using a sterile loop. A Vitek- 2 compact instrument was used to identify bacteria. The viability of the protoscoleces was also determined in these hydatid cysts. Results: The secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts was 24 (72.7%) from a total of thirty-three samples. Several types of bacteria have been isolated from hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts. Aeromonas hydrophila had the highest infection rate in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reaching 20.83% while the lowest infection rate was 4.17% for Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Lactococcus garvieae, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus uberis, Pseudomonas stutzer and Vibro vulnificus. Staphylococcus lentus and Lactococcus garvieae had the highest effect on the viability of protoscoleces in liver and lung, reaching 0%, and 13% respectively. Eleven of a total of 13 types of bacteria isolated from hydatid cysts in the liver and lung: were diagnosed for the first time and had not previously been recognized by earlier investigation. The rates of bacterial infection in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were 76.47% and 68.75%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our current study indicate that the secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reached (72.7%), and different types of bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts have a clear effect on the viability of protoscoleces.
- Klíčová slova
- protoskolex,
- MeSH
- Bacteria izolace a purifikace klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- bakteriální infekce * mikrobiologie parazitologie patologie MeSH
- Echinococcus mikrobiologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- echinokokóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- ovce * mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
- MeSH
- Acanthamoeba fyziologie izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- Campylobacter jejuni * patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- kampylobakterové infekce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- protozoální infekce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a pathogenic bacterium causing the paratuberculosis, chronic and infectious disease common particularly in wild and domestic ruminants. Currently, culture techniques to detect viable MAP are still used most commonly, although these require a long incubation period. Consequently, a faster molecular method for assessing MAP cell viability based on cell membrane integrity was introduced consisting of sample treatment with the intercalation dye propidium monoazide (PMA) followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, the PMA-qPCR assay is complicated by demanding procedures involving work in a darkroom and on ice. In this study, we therefore optimized a viability assay combining sample treatment with palladium (Pd) compounds as an alternative viability marker to PMA, which does not require such laborious procedures, with subsequent qPCR. The optimized Pd-qPCR conditions consisting of 90 min exposure to 30 μM bis(benzonitrile)dichloropalladium(II) or 30 μM palladium(II)acetate at 5 °C and using ultrapure water as a resuspension medium resulted in differences in quantification cycle (Cq) values between treated live and dead MAP cells of 8.5 and 7.9, respectively, corresponding to approximately 2.5 log units. In addition, Pd-qPCR proved to be superior to PMA-qPCR in distinguishing between live and dead MAP cells. The Pd-qPCR viability assay thus has the potential to replace time-consuming culture methods and demanding PMA-qPCR in the detection and quantification of viable MAP cells with possible application in food, feed, clinical and environmental samples.
- MeSH
- azidy farmakologie MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce metody MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis * genetika MeSH
- palladium farmakologie MeSH
- paratuberkulóza * mikrobiologie MeSH
- propidium farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 (AGT) is generally considered inferior to RT-PCR testing in terms of sensitivity. However, little is known about the infectiousness of RT-PCR positive patients who pass undetected by AGT. In a screening setting for mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic patients with high COVID-19 prevalence (30-40%), 1141 patients were tested using one of five AGTs and RT-PCR. Where the results differed, virus viability in the samples was tested on cell culture (CV-1 cells). The test battery included AGTs by JOYSBIO, Assure Tech, SD Biosensor, VivaChek Biotech and NDFOS. Sensitivities of the ATGs compared to RT-PCR ranged from 42% to 76%. The best test yielded a 76% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 92% positive, and 89% negative predictive values, respectively. However, in the best performing ATG tests, almost 90% of samples with "false negative" AGT results contained no viable virus. Corrected on the virus viability, sensitivities grew to 81-97% and, with one exception, the tests yielded high specificities >96%. Performance characteristics of the best test after adjustment were 96% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 92% positive, and 99% negative predictive values (high prevalence population). We, therefore, believe that virus viability should be considered when assessing the AGT performance. Also, our results indicate that a well-performing antigen test could in a high-prevalence setting serve as an excellent tool for identifying patients shedding viable virus. We also propose that the high proportion of RT-PCR-positive samples containing no viable virus in the group of "false negatives" of the antigen test should be further investigated with the aim of possibly preventing needless isolation of such patients.
- MeSH
- antigeny virové analýza MeSH
- COVID-19 diagnóza imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- falešně negativní reakce MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita * MeSH
- plošný screening MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 imunologie MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- sérologické testy metody MeSH
- testování na COVID-19 průkazem nukleové kyseliny MeSH
- testování na COVID-19 metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Garlic is a well-known example of natural self-defence system consisting of an inactive substrate (alliin) and enzyme (alliinase) which, when combined, produce highly antimicrobial allicin. Increase of alliinase stability and its activity are of paramount importance in various applications relying on its use for in-situ synthesis of allicin or its analogues, e.g., pulmonary drug delivery, treatment of superficial injuries, or urease inhibitors in fertilizers. Here, we discuss the effect of temperature, pH, buffers, salts, and additives, i.e. antioxidants, chelating agents, reducing agents and cosolvents, on the stability and the activity of alliinase extracted from garlic. The effects of the storage temperature and relative humidity on the stability of lyophilized alliinase was demonstrated. A combination of the short half-life, high reactivity and non-specificity to particular proteins are reasons most bacteria cannot deal with allicin's mode of action and develop effective defence mechanism, which could be the key to sustainable drug design addressing serious problems with escalating emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- biokatalýza účinky léků MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- česnek enzymologie MeSH
- chemické jevy * MeSH
- disulfidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kyseliny sulfinové chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lyasy štěpící vazby C-S metabolismus MeSH
- lyofilizace MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků MeSH
- pufry MeSH
- stabilita enzymů účinky léků MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The plasma-activated gas is capable of decontaminating surfaces of different materials in remote distances. The effect of plasma-activated water vapor on Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli biofilm contamination was investigated on the polypropylene nonwoven textile surface. The robust and technically simple multi-hollow surface dielectric barrier discharge was used as a low-temperature atmospheric plasma source to activate the water-based medium. The germicidal efficiency of short and long-time exposure to plasma-activated water vapor was evaluated by standard microbiological cultivation and fluorescence analysis using a fluorescence multiwell plate reader. The test was repeated in different distances of the contaminated polypropylene nonwoven sample from the surface of the plasma source. The detection of reactive species in plasma-activated gas flow and condensed activated vapor, and thermal and electrical properties of the used plasma source, were measured. The bacterial biofilm decontamination efficiency increased with the exposure time and the plasma source power input. The log reduction of viable biofilm units decreased with the increasing distance from the dielectric surface.
- MeSH
- biofilmy účinky léků MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- elektřina * MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- plazmové plyny farmakologie MeSH
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa účinky léků MeSH
- Staphylococcus epidermidis účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Alterations in brain functioning, especially in regions associated with cognition, can result from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and are predicted to result in various psychiatric diseases. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can directly or indirectly affect the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, diseases associated with sequelae of COVID-19, or 'long COVID', also include serious long-term mental and cognitive changes, including the condition recently termed 'brain fog'. Hypoxia in the microenvironment of select brain areas may benefit the reproductive capacity of the virus. It is possible that in areas of cerebral hypoxia, neuronal cell energy metabolism may become compromised after integration of the viral genome, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Because of their need for constant high metabolism, cerebral tissues require an immediate and constant supply of oxygen. In hypoxic conditions, neurons with the highest oxygen demand become dysfunctional. The resulting cognitive impairment benefits viral spread, as infected individuals exhibit behaviors that reduce protection against infection. The effects of compromised mitochondrial function may also be an evolutionary advantage for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of host interaction. A high viral load in patients with COVID-19 that involves the CNS results in the compromise of neurons with high-level energy metabolism. Therefore, we propose that selective neuronal mitochondrial targeting in SARS-CoV-2 infection affects cognitive processes to induce 'brain fog' and results in behavioral changes that favor viral propagation. Cognitive changes associated with COVID-19 will have increasing significance for patient diagnosis, prognosis, and long-term care.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 komplikace metabolismus patofyziologie psychologie přenos MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce metabolismus patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus MeSH
- mozková hypoxie metabolismus patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- neurony metabolismus MeSH
- replikace viru MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 fyziologie MeSH
- virová nálož MeSH
- zdravé chování * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
The existence of programmed cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reported for many years. Glucose induces the death of S. cerevisiae in the absence of additional nutrients within a few hours, and the absence of active potassium uptake makes cells highly sensitive to this process. S. cerevisiae cells possess two transporters, Trk1 and Trk2, which ensure a high intracellular concentration of potassium, necessary for many physiological processes. Trk1 is the major system responsible for potassium acquisition in growing and dividing cells. The contribution of Trk2 to potassium uptake in growing cells is almost negligible, but Trk2 becomes crucial for stationary cells for their survival of some stresses, e.g. anhydrobiosis. As a new finding, we show that both Trk systems contribute to the relative thermotolerance of S. cerevisiae BY4741. Our results also demonstrate that Trk2 is much more important for the cell survival of glucose-induced cell death than Trk1, and that stationary cells deficient in active potassium uptake lose their ATP stocks more rapidly than cells with functional Trk systems. This is probably due to the upregulated activity of plasma-membrane Pma1 H+-ATPase, and consequently, it is the reason why these cells die earlier than cells with functional active potassium uptake.
- MeSH
- buněčná smrt MeSH
- draslík metabolismus MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- proteiny přenášející kationty genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Extracellular pH has been assumed to play little if any role in how bacteria respond to antibiotics and antibiotic resistance development. Here, we show that the intracellular pH of Escherichia coli equilibrates to the environmental pH following treatment with the DNA damaging antibiotic nalidixic acid. We demonstrate that this allows the environmental pH to influence the transcription of various DNA damage response genes and physiological processes such as filamentation. Using purified RecA and a known pH-sensitive mutant variant RecA K250R we show how pH can affect the biochemical activity of a protein central to control of the bacterial DNA damage response system. Finally, two different mutagenesis assays indicate that environmental pH affects antibiotic resistance development. Specifically, at environmental pH's greater than six we find that mutagenesis plays a significant role in producing antibiotic resistant mutants. At pH's less than or equal to 6 the genome appears more stable but extensive filamentation is observed, a phenomenon that has previously been linked to increased survival in the presence of macrophages.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli účinky léků genetika účinky záření MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kyselina nalidixová farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- nestabilita genomu účinky léků genetika účinky záření MeSH
- poškození DNA účinky léků genetika účinky záření MeSH
- propidium farmakologie MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- retardační test MeSH
- rifampin farmakologie MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Bacterial nanotubes are membranous structures that have been reported to function as conduits between cells to exchange DNA, proteins, and nutrients. Here, we investigate the morphology and formation of bacterial nanotubes using Bacillus subtilis. We show that nanotube formation is associated with stress conditions, and is highly sensitive to the cells' genetic background, growth phase, and sample preparation methods. Remarkably, nanotubes appear to be extruded exclusively from dying cells, likely as a result of biophysical forces. Their emergence is extremely fast, occurring within seconds by cannibalizing the cell membrane. Subsequent experiments reveal that cell-to-cell transfer of non-conjugative plasmids depends strictly on the competence system of the cell, and not on nanotube formation. Our study thus supports the notion that bacterial nanotubes are a post mortem phenomenon involved in cell disintegration, and are unlikely to be involved in cytoplasmic content exchange between live cells.
