In forensic contexts, sternal anatomical varieties represent useful tools for the identification of an individual, either by comparison of ante-mortem and post-mortem data, or by potential comparison of data from biologically related individuals. Sternal body variation is also used to detect the biological affinity of individuals in bioarchaeology. However, no study has been made available to date on the degree to which the overall shape of the sternal body reflects the degree of biological relatedness. We, therefore, analyzed the sternal body shape of 10 individuals with known genealogical data, members of one family over three generations including inbred individuals (19th-20th centuries, Bohemia, Czech Republic), and a control sample of 12 biologically unrelated individuals. First, closely biologically related individuals were compared with unrelated individuals based on 10 variables expressing the morphological characteristics of the sternum, and then all individuals were compared based on Fourier analysis depending on their degree of relationship. The results showed that there is a greater degree of shape similarity in biologically related individuals than in unrelated individuals, and variability decreases with an increasing degree of relatedness. Inbred individuals showed the lowest sternum-shape distances and degree of variability, while unrelated individuals, showed the highest distances and variability. Moreover, in some cases, the documented relationships were also supported by a similar morphology of the ossified and fused xiphoid process. Thus, sternal shape analysis expands the possibilities for individual identification and the detection of the biological affinity of individuals for both the forensic sciences and bioarchaeology.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Osteogenesis MeSH
• Autopsy MeSH
• Family Relations MeSH
• Somatotypes * MeSH
• Sternum * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The relationship between an athlete's somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean ± standard deviation age: 21.82 ± 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath-Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph. In addition, balanced mesomorph showed significantly superior performance in 30-m sprint time and velocity than central and mesomorph-endomorph (ES range = 0.93-1, p < 0.05). Finally, balanced ectomorph (ES = 1.12, p = 0.009) and mesomorphic ectomorph (ES = 1.10, p = 0.017) were lower in sprint momentum compared to balanced mesomorphs. In conclusion, this study has shown the importance of the interaction between subtypes and athletic performance. The knowledge gained may be important in identifying those who tend to perform well in sports with explosive power and in prescribing training programs.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Somatotypes * MeSH
• Sports * MeSH
• Health Status MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Sešit pojednává o metodách hubnutí.

• MeSH
• Medicine, Ayurvedic MeSH
• Diet, Reducing methods   MeSH
• Somatotypes MeSH
• Cooking methods   MeSH
• Health MeSH
• Publication type
• Popular Work MeSH
• Handbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NML Fields
• preventivní medicína
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa
• NML Publication type
• brožury

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is emanating as one of the most commonly occurring endocrine as well as metabolic disorder among women during their reproductive span across the globe. Aim: The present cross-sectional study is an attempt to gauge somatotype profile of obese and lean women having polycystic ovary syndrome. Subjects and Methods: A sample of 150 PCOS women ranging in age from 18 to 35 years was collected from OPD of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, PGIMER, Chandigarh. The subjects were diagnosed as PCOS as per the Rotterdam criteria. Results: The lean PCOS women were taller and significantly lighter than their obese PCOS counterparts. Somatotype profile of obese and lean PCOS women fall in mesomorphic-endomorph (5.7- 4.7-0.4) and balanced endomorph (4.2-2.4-2.4) sectors of somatochart respectively, indicating a dominance of endomorphic and mesomorphic component, but less ectomorphic component in obese PCOS women as compared to lean PCOS women at all age groups. One way MANOVA analysis depicted a non-significant shift in component dominance (Wilk’s lambda 0.94) among lean PCOS women, while obese PCOS exhibited a significant change in component dominance (Wilk’s lambda 0.86*). Conclusion: It was observed that endomorphic component was dominant in PCOS women irrespective of their BMI category.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cohort Studies MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Obesity MeSH
• Somatotypes * MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome * MeSH
• Body Weights and Measures statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Emaciation MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Nároky kladené na osobní ochránce se netýkají pouze psychické odolnosti, tj. zvládání stresu a zátěžových situací, ale i fyzické připravenosti. Cílem této práce bylo zhodnocení somatického profilu, tj. tělesné konstituce a analýza parametrů tělesného složení, u příslušníků Ochranné služby Policie České republiky. Soubor tvořilo celkem 21 dobrovolníků ve věkové rozmezí 28 - 55 let (průměrný věk - 37,2 ± 8,2 let, tělesná výška - 184,0 ± 4,9 cm, tělesná hmotnost - 90,6 ± 9,7 kg, BMI - 26,7 ± 2,5 kg / m2, tělesný tuk - 18,3 ± 4,0 %, tukuprostá hmota - 73,9 ± 6,7 kg, svalová hmota - 70,2 ± 6,4 kg, TBW - 58,5 ± 3,3 %). Průměrný somatotyp souboru byl charakterizován trojčíslím 2,7 - 6,0 - 1,6, tj. endomorfní mezomorf (61,9 % souboru). V současnosti bohužel neexistují legislativní směrnice, které by upravovaly metodiku fyzického přezkušování příslušníků Ochranné služby PČR. A to i přes to, že právě tělesné charakteristiky mohou významně ovlivnit fyzickou zdatnost jedince a tím i samotný výkon povolání.

Claims on bodyguards are not just about psychological resilience, ie. stress management and stressful situations, but also physical readiness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the somatic profile, ie. physical constitution and analysis of parameters of body composition, for members of the Protective Services of the Police of the Czech Republic. The group consisted of 21 volunteers aged 28-55 years (mean age - 37.2 ± 8.2 years, body height - 184.0 ± 4.9 cm, body weight - 90.6 ± 9.7 kg, BMI - 26.7 ± 2.5 kg / m2, body fat - 18.3 ± 4.0 %, fat free mass - 73.9 ± 6.7 kg, muscle mass - 70.2 ± 6.4 kg, TBW - 58.5 ± 3.3 %). The average somatotype of group was characterized by a triple number of 2.7 - 6.0 - 1.6, ie. the endomorphic mesomorph (61.9 % of group). At present, there are no legislative directives that would regulate the methodology of physical examination of the members of the Protective Service of the Police. This is despite the fact that the physical characteristics can significantly affect the physical fitness of the individual and hence the profession itself.

• MeSH
• Anthropometry MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Police * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Body Composition MeSH
• Somatotypes MeSH
• Body Constitution MeSH
• Body Weights and Measures statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Observational Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Cílem výzkumu bylo charakterizovat tělesnou stavbu mužů (dobrovolných hasičů), kteří se věnují požárnímu sportu, změřit sílu svalstva a zjistit časový rozsah pohybových volnočasových aktivit, které celkovou fyzickou zdatnost podporují. Dílčím cílem bylo porovnání somatických charakteristik našeho souboru s výsledky mužů-cvičenců spartakiády v roce 1985. Zkoumaný soubor tvořilo 36 mužů ve věku 25-38 let. Standardní metodikou oboru byly měřeny rozměry, ze kterých byly vypočítány komponenty somatotypu, které a další tělesné rozměry. Dotazníkovým šetřením byla zjišťována obvyklá doba trvání cílené fyzické námahy. V souladu s výzkumy současné populace různého věku ukázalo posouzení somatotypu dobrovolných hasičů oproti somatotypu populace měřené v roce 1985 výrazně nižší hodnoty mezomorfie (horší svalově-kosterní rozvoj) u našeho souboru. Statistické vyhodnocení dat dotazníkového šetření a naměřených charakteristik ukázalo přímo úměrnou, statisticky významnou korelaci mezi dobou trvání cílené fyzické námahy a hodnotou mezomorfní komponenty somatotypu.

We assessed somatotype of volunteer firefighters. The assessment of the somatotype in 36 males aged of 25-38 years compared with the data from 1985 showed significantly lower values of mesomorphy (worse musculoskeletal status) in our file. The statistically significant correlation of the duration of physical activity and the mesomorphy value was confirmed.

• MeSH
• Anthropometry * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Firefighters * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Thorax anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Hand Strength MeSH
• Somatotypes MeSH
• Athletes statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Body Constitution MeSH
• Body Weights and Measures statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Observational Study MeSH

The objective of our study was to compare selected parameters of body composition and motor tests results obtained with measuring of two diverse groups – elite gravity cyclists and a control group of high school students. The study was conducted in 31 male gravity cyclists (16 technical gravity disciplines, 15 downhill gravity disciplines) and 14 male school students. The average age of cyclists was 20,1 years of age (s = 2,3), average age of control group was 18,7 (s = 0,6). Average weight of gravity cyclists was 74,5 kg (s = 9,2 kg), average height of gravity cyclists was 179,05 cm (s = 6,1 cm). Average weight of control group was 68,2 kg (s = 12,1 kg), average height of control group was 177,1 cm (s = 10,62 cm).Matiegka protocol was used to estimate body composition and somatotype, a battery of specific motor skills was used to determine motor skills of the two test groups. Downhill gravity cyclists proved significantly higher mesomorphy than the control group – down-hill disciplines 5,3 (s = 0,43), control group 4.7 (s = 1,05), and significantly higher values of test results than control group in broad jump (downhill disciplines 228,2 cm s = 20,1 cm; control group 192,4 cm, s = 15,1 cm), back-broad jump test (downhill disciplines 118,6 cm, s = 12,8 cm; control group 98,3 cm, s = 13,5 cm) and high jump (downhill disciplines 61,1cm, s = 11,9 cm; control group 51,5 cm, s = 12,5 cm). Technical disciplines cyclists proved significantly higher values of test results than control group in broad jump (technical disciplines 214,5 cm s = 18,2 cm; control group 192,4 cm, s = 15,1 cm), rotation jump (technical disciplines 510°, s = 25,4°; control group 430,2°, s = 39,4) and high jump test (technical disciplines 112,6 cm, s = 10,9 cm; control group 98,3 cm, s = 13,5 cm).Differences in somatotype, body constitution and motoric tests relate with characteristics of train-ing and use of specific training methods. In this study high level performance athletes were tested, therefore it could be helpful for riders and coaches to increase the efficiency of the training process.

• MeSH
• Anthropometry MeSH
• Bicycling * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motor Skills MeSH
• Motor Activity MeSH
• Somatotypes MeSH
• Sports MeSH
• Physical Education and Training MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

V našem příspěvku jsme se zaměřili na výzkum podílu dynamiky subjektivních prožitků a stavů osob-nosti před sportovním výkonem v soutěži a po něm u vrcholových sportovců v dráhové cyklistice. Pro zlepšení výkonu u jednotlivých sportovců jsme použili individuálně regulační prostředky, poté jsme zjiš-ťovali změny předstartovního stavu a změny subjektivních prožitků a jejich podíl na aktuálním výkonu. Pro výzkum podílu dynamiky subjektivních stavů osobnosti jsme použili standardizované dotazníky SUPSO a dotazník SPARO, ze kterých jsme pro potřeby výzkumu využili pouze komponenty týkající se psychologických charakteristik osobnosti vrcholových sportovců, které mohou ovlivňovat sportov-ní výkon (Mikšík, 2004). Vybrané hodnoty subjektivních prožitků z dotazníku SUPSO jsme porovnali s vybranými hodnotami z dotazníku SPARO u 6 dráhových cyklistů sprinterů. Poté jsme ve spolupráci s trenéry realizovali individuálně regulační prostředky, které byly zaměřeny na zlepšení předstartovního stavu sportovců a následně jsme zjišťovali jejich subjektivní pocity po výkonu a současně i jejich umís-tění v soutěži. Zjistili jsme, že v některých komponentách dynamického prožívání subjektivních pocitů u dráhových cyklistů se v předstartovním stavu objevují mezi jednotlivci významné statistické rozdíly, a to zejména v oblasti psychická labilita versus stabilita a dále u psychické rozlady, která v některých případech přecházela až do deprese. Tyto subjektivní pocity negativně ovlivňovaly sportovní výkony jednotlivců. V příspěvku podrobně analyzujeme výsledky vybraného sportovce (disciplína keirin), aby-chom zdůraznili potřebu psychologické přípravy ve vrcholovém sportu. Z výzkumného šetření vyply-nulo, že aktuální psychický stav sprintera v dráhové cyklistice, který není správně regulován, ukazuje na to, že vybraná testovaná osoba podléhá více psychickým tlakům před startem. V zóně labilita versus stabilita se potom mění také jeho účinná kapacita rozumu. Sportovec proto často při soutěži významně chybuje v taktice, což se projevuje nejen na jeho výkonu, ale i na jeho umístění v soutěži.

In the present contribution, we focused on the research of the proportion of dynamics related to subjec-tive experience and the states of personality before and after the sport performance in the competition with the top athletes in track cycling. To improve the performance for individu al athletes, we used individual regulatory means, then we determined the changes in pre-start state and the changes in subjective experience and their proportion in current performance. To investigate the proportion of dynamics of subjective personality states, we used standardized SUPSO questionnaires and the SPARO questionnaire; for the purpose of investigation, we used only the questionnaire components related to the psychological characteristics of the top athlete’s personality that may influence the sport per-formance (Mikšík, 2004). Selected values of subjective experience from the SUPSO questionnaire were compared with the selected values from the SPARO questionnaire in six track cycling sprinters. After that, we co-operated with the coaches to implement individually regulatory means aimed at improv-ing the pre-start state of the athletes and, subsequently, we investigated their subjective emotions after the performance and at the same time also their placement in the competition. We found that, in some components of dynamic subjective emotions of track cyclists, there are statistically significant differences between individuals, especially in the area of psychological lability versus stability, and psychological disturbances that, in some cases, turned into depression. These subjective emotions adversely affected the performance of individuals. This article analyses the results of the selected athlete (keirin discipline) in detail to highlight the need for psychological training in top sport. The research investigation revealed that the current psychological state of sprinter in track cycling, if not properly regulated, indicates that the selected testee is subjected to more psychological pressures before the start. In the zone of lability versus stability, the effective capacity of testee’s brain is also changed. Therefore, the athlete is often mistaken in tactics during the competition, which is reflected not only in his performance but also in his placement in the competition.

• MeSH
• Bicycling * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motor Activity MeSH
• Somatotypes MeSH
• Athletes MeSH
• Physical Education and Training methods   MeSH
• Physical Fitness MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The unique foot morphology and distinctive functions facilitate complex tasks and strategies such as standing, walking, and running. In those weight-bearing activities, postural stability (PS) plays an important role. Correlations among foot type, PS, and other musculoskeletal problems that increase sport injury risk are known. However, long-term associations among the foot type, the PS, and body weight (BW) distribution are lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to longitudinally identify changes in foot morphology, PS, and symmetry in BW distribution during adolescence among elite male soccer players. METHODS: Thirty-five Czech elite male soccer players (age, 15.49 ± 0.61 years; BW, 64.11 ± 6.16 kg; body height, 174.62 ± 5.71 cm) underwent foot type, PS, and BW distribution measurements during 3 consecutive years (T1, T2, T3). The Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI), BW distribution, and centre of pressure (COP) displacement (total traveled way [TTW]) of each player for the preferred (PL) and non-preferred leg (NL) were acquired. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA), Bonferroni´s post hoc tests, and partial eta-squared (ηp2) coefficient were used for investigating the effect of time on selected variables and effect size evaluation. RESULTS: Statistically significant effect of time on CSI values (PL: F2,68 = 5.08, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.13 and NL: F2,68 = 10.87, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.24) and COP displacement values (PL: F2,68 = 5.07, p <0.01, ηp2 = 0.13; NL: F2,68 = 3.53, p <0.05, ηp2 = 0.09) for both legs over 3-years period was identified. Furthermore, the Bonferroni´s post hoc analysis revealed a significant improvement of PS values in the PL (TTWT1 = 1617.11 ± 520.22 mm vs. TTWT2 = 1405.29 ± 462.76, p < 0.05; and between TTWT1 = 1617.11 ± 520.22 mm vs. TTWT3 = 1370.46 ± 373.94, p < 0.05). Only BW distribution parameter showed no significant differences, although slightly improved over time. CONCLUSIONS: We observed changes in foot typology, PS, and BW distribution in young elite male soccer players during 3 consecutive years. Results demonstrated that changes in PS and body weight distribution under the high-load sport conditions during adolescence may improve with aging, except for foot morphology. Therefore, foot morphology should be carefully monitored to minimize sport injury risk in professional young soccer players during adolescence. Further research is necessary to determine more clear associations between these parameters, soccer-related injuries, and sport performances.

• MeSH
• Biomechanical Phenomena MeSH
• Soccer injuries   physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Foot anatomy & histology   physiology   MeSH
• Flatfoot pathology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Postural Balance physiology   MeSH
• Somatotypes physiology   MeSH
• Body Weight physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

The objective of this study was to determine the anthropometric and somatotype differences between elite single-canoeists (C1) included in the white-water slalom Czech national team (NT) (n = 5) and others (n = 12) who did not qualify for the national team (DNQ) leading up to the Olympic Games in Rio de Janiero, 2016. All paddlers were measured using a battery of 40 anthropometric parameters in one day, 4 weeks before competing in the Czech national selection races. The NT racers had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater circumference of the forearm (27.8 ± 0.6 vs. 26.8 ± 1.4) and upper arm (35.60 ± 1.5 vs. 33.5 ± 1.7) for the dominant paddling arm, as well as a greater chest circumference (98.3 ± 2.4 vs. 93.9 ± 2.3). Additionally, the sum of triceps, scapular, calf, and supraspinal skinfolds were significantly less in NT. There were no significant differences in height (p = 0.14), body mass (p = 0.18) or circumferences of the lower extremities (p = 0.09–0.32). Somatotype was statistically similar (p = 0.06–0.13), but practically different (NT = 1.4–5.6–2.3; DNQ = 1.6–4.6–3.1) such as body fat percentage (NT = 7.5 ± 2.3; DNQ = 9.1 ± 1.6). Based on the results of this study we can recommend that single-canoeists seeking to achieve elite performance should participate in training that focuses on maximizing the musculature of the upper limbs and chest while maintaining minimal body fat. The current data also shows that experience likely plays a role in national team selection, as NT were an average of 5.5 years older than DNQ.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Somatotypes * MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Body Constitution MeSH
• Body Height MeSH
• Water Sports physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH