V posledních 30 letech se do ČR rozšířil dovoz léčivých i užitkových rostlin z celého světa. Je patrný zvýšený zájem o zdravý životní styl a fytoterapii tradičních medicín Asie, Afriky a Jižní Ameriky. Vzniká požadavek zařadit do Evropského lékopisu také vybrané drogy tradičních mimoevropských medicín. Rozšiřuje se zaměření farmakologických testů léčivých rostlin a získané údaje využívá i Evropská léková agentura (European Medicines Agency - EMA), která eviduje a posuzuje účinnost a bezpečnost léčiv nebo Evropský úřad pro bezpečnost potravin (European Food Safety Authority - EFSA). V ČR registruje rostlinné drogy SÚKL jako léčiva nebo Ministerstvo zemědělství jako doplňky stravy. Významně narůstá informovanost odborné i laické veřejnosti, ale současně je její kvalita ovlivňována komerčními cíli. Následující sdělení je zaměřeno na nové zdroje olejů, tuků a vosků.
In the last 30 years, the import into the Czech Republic of both medicinal and useful plants from all over the world has increased. There has been a noticeable increased interest in healthy lifestyle and phytotherapy of traditional medicines from Asia, Africa, and South America. A requirement has emerged that selected drugs of traditional non-European medicines also be included in the European Pharmacopoeia. Pharmacological testing of medicinal plants has broadened its scope, and the data obtained are used by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) that documents and evaluates the efficacy and safety of medicines, or by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In the Czech Republic, herbal drugs are registered as medicines by the State Institute for Drug Control (SÚKL) or as dietary supplements by the Ministry of Agriculture. Both public and professional awareness is increasing significantly, but at the same time, its quality is influenced by commercial goals. The present paper deals with new sources of oils, fats, and waxes.
- Klíčová slova
- Simmondsiaceae seu Buxaceae,
- MeSH
- Arecaceae MeSH
- Cocos MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oleje rostlin terapeutické užití MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- šalvěj MeSH
- Sapotaceae MeSH
- tuky terapeutické užití MeSH
- vosky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
We suggest a new technique for estimating the relative drawdown of CO2 concentration (c) in the intercellular air space (IAS) across hypostomatous leaves (expressed as the ratio cd/cb, where the indexes d and b denote the adaxial and abaxial edges, respectively, of IAS), based on the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of leaf cuticular membranes (CMs), cuticular waxes (WXs) or epicuticular waxes (EWXs) isolated from opposite leaf sides. The relative drawdown in the intracellular liquid phase (i.e., the ratio cc/cbd, where cc and cbd stand for mean CO2 concentrations in chloroplasts and in the IAS), the fraction of intercellular resistance in the total mesophyll resistance (rIAS/rm), leaf thickness, and leaf mass per area (LMA) were also assessed. We show in a conceptual model that the upper (adaxial) side of a hypostomatous leaf should be enriched in 13C compared to the lower (abaxial) side. CM, WX, and/or EWX isolated from 40 hypostomatous C3 species were 13C depleted relative to bulk leaf tissue by 2.01-2.85‰. The difference in δ13C between the abaxial and adaxial leaf sides (δ13CAB - 13CAD, Δb-d), ranged from - 2.22 to + 0.71‰ (- 0.09 ± 0.54‰, mean ± SD) in CM and from - 7.95 to 0.89‰ (- 1.17 ± 1.40‰) in WX. In contrast, two tested amphistomatous species showed no significant Δb-d difference in WX. Δb-d correlated negatively with LMA and leaf thickness of hypostomatous leaves, which indicates that the mesophyll air space imposes a non-negligible resistance to CO2 diffusion. δ13C of EWX and 30-C aldehyde in WX reveal a stronger CO2 drawdown than bulk WX or CM. Mean values of cd/cb and cc/cbd were 0.90 ± 0.12 and 0.66 ± 0.11, respectively, across 14 investigated species in which wax was isolated and analyzed. The diffusion resistance of IAS contributed 20 ± 14% to total mesophyll resistance and reflects species-specific and environmentally-induced differences in leaf functional anatomy.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- extracelulární prostor metabolismus MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- mezofylové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- nadmořská výška MeSH
- oxid uhličitý metabolismus MeSH
- vosky metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The solubility of weakly basic drugs in passage through gastrointestinal tract leads to their pH-dependent release from extended release formulations and to lower drug absorption and bioavailability. The aim of this study was to modulate the micro-environmental pH of hypromellose/montanglycol wax matrices and to observe its influence on the release of weakly basic drug verapamil hydrochloride (VH) with a pH-dependent solubility with respect to gel layer formation and its dynamics. For this study, malic and succinic acids differing in their solubility and pKa were selected as pH modifiers. The dissolution studies were performed by the method of changing pH. Within the same conditions, pH, thickness, and penetration force of the gel layer were measured as well. From the PCA sub-model, it is evident that a higher acid concentration ensured lower gel pH and conditions for higher drug solubility, thus creating larger gel layer with smaller rigidity, resulting in higher VH release during the dissolution test. Incorporation of stronger and more soluble malic acid (100 mg/tablet) created the most acidic and the thickest gel layer through which a total of 74% of VH was released. Despite having lower strength and solubility, matrices containing succinic acid (100 mg/tablet) released a comparable 71% of VH in a manner close to zero-order kinetics. The thinner and less rigid gel layers of the succinic acid matrices allowed an even slightly faster VH release at pH 6.8 than from matrices containing malic acid. Thus acid solubility is more parametrically significant than acid pKa for drug release at pH 6.8.
- MeSH
- deriváty hypromelózy * MeSH
- gely MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem chemie MeSH
- maláty chemie MeSH
- multivariační analýza MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- sukcináty chemie MeSH
- tablety MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- verapamil aplikace a dávkování chemie metabolismus MeSH
- vosky * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Termite nests often are referred to as the most elaborate constructions of animals. However, some termite species do not build a nest at all and instead found colonies inside the nests of other termites. Since these so-called inquilines do not need to be in direct contact with the host population, the two colonies usually live in separate parts of the nest. Adaptations of both the inquiline and its host are likely to occur to maintain the spatial exclusion and reduce the costs of potential conflicts. Among them, mutual avoidance, based on chemical cues, is expected. We investigated chemical aspects of cohabitation between Constrictotermes cavifrons (Nasutitermitinae) and its obligatory inquiline Inquilinitermes inquilinus (Termitinae). Inquiline soldiers produce in their frontal glands a blend of wax esters, consisting of the C12 alcohols (3Z)-dodec enol, (3Z,6Z)-dodecadienol, and dodecanol, esterified with different fatty acids. The C12 alcohols appear to be cleaved gradually from the wax esters, and they occur in the frontal gland, in soldier headspace, and in the walls of the inquiline part of the nest. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that (3Z)-dodecenol and (3Z,6Z)-dodecadienol are perceived by workers of both species. Bioassays indicated that inquiline soldier heads, as well as the two synthetic compounds, are attractive to conspecific workers and elicit an arresting behavior, while host soldiers and workers avoid these chemicals at biologically relevant amounts. These observations support the hypothesis that chemically mediated spatial separation of the host and the inquiline is an element of a conflict-avoidance strategy in these species.
- MeSH
- alkoholy metabolismus MeSH
- čich MeSH
- esterifikace MeSH
- estery metabolismus MeSH
- feromony metabolismus MeSH
- hnízdění * MeSH
- Isoptera fyziologie MeSH
- komunikace zvířat MeSH
- úniková reakce MeSH
- vosky metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The rate of drug release from polymer matrix-based sustained release formulations is often controlled by the thickness of a gel layer that forms upon contact with dissolution medium. The effect of formulation parameters on the kinetics of elementary rate processes that contribute to gel layer formation, such as water ingress, polymer swelling and erosion, is therefore of interest. In the present work, gel layer formation has been investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is a non-destructive method allowing direct visualization of effective water concentration inside the tablet and its surrounding. Using formulations with Levetiracetam as the active ingredient, HPMC as a hydrophilic matrix former and carnauba wax (CW) as a hydrophobic component in the matrix system, the effect of different ratios of these two ingredients on the kinetics of gel formation (MRI) and drug release (USP 4 like dissolution test) has been investigated and interpreted using a mathematical model.
- MeSH
- deriváty hypromelózy chemie MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem chemie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- piracetam analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- rozpustnost MeSH
- tablety MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- uvolňování léčiv MeSH
- vosky chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- cementování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- estetika stomatologická MeSH
- gingiva MeSH
- hyperplazie dásní * diagnóza ošetřování MeSH
- keramika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- řezáky MeSH
- vosky MeSH
- zubní fazety * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- artefiletika, enkaustika,
- MeSH
- arteterapie * MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- malířství dějiny MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- poruchy chování u dětí terapie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vosky MeSH
- zrakově postižení rehabilitace MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Signals of different nature are transduced in cells through signal transduction pathways, where mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play an important role as signaling molecules. Views into intracellular localization of MAPKs are critical for the understanding of their spatial and temporal functions, like activation-based relocation, compartmentation, or interactions with local substrates. Localization of MAPKs in cells is thus very useful cell biological approach, extending complex mode of cell signaling characterization in plants. Here, we present a method for subcellular immunofluorescence localization of MAPKs using protein- or phospho-specific antibodies, performed on sectioned fixed plant samples. It is based on embedding of samples in the Steedman's wax, a low-melting point polyester wax embedding medium, which maintains high antigenicity of studied proteins. In addition, exposure of dewaxed sections to antibodies allows for their efficient penetration. Altogether, it makes this simple method a good tool in the efficient subcellular localization of diverse proteins, including plant MAPKs.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis cytologie účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika metody MeSH
- Medicago sativa cytologie účinky léků enzymologie MeSH
- mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- polyestery * MeSH
- transport proteinů MeSH
- vosky * MeSH
- zalévání tkání metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Wax esters (WEs), esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols, were analysed by Ag-HPLC/APCI-MS/MS. Two ChromSpher Lipids columns connected in series (a total length of 50cm) and hexane-2-propanol-acetonitrile mobile phases were used to achieve good separation of the molecular species. The chromatographic behaviour of WEs was studied under optimised conditions: retention increased with the number of double bonds and with the temperature (15-35°C); retention times were affected by the double-bond position, trans isomers eluted earlier than cis isomers, and the WEs were partially separated depending on the aliphatic-chain length. The WEs provided simple APCI spectra with [M+H](+) ions, the MS/MS spectra showed fragments, which allowed their identification. The method was applied for an analysis of the WE mixtures from jojoba oil and human hair and the results were compared with analogous data from an optimised RP-HPLC system.
