1. elektronické vydání 1 online zdroj (322 stran)
Kniha přesahuje tendenční rámec běžného popisu použití farmak a nabízí zajímavý a netradiční pohled anesteziologa a farmakologa na anestetika, hypnotika, psychedelika a další látky z hlediska jejich vlivu na chování, emoce a paměť.; Obecná část knihy popisuje základní anatomické struktury mozku ve vztahu k chování a vybrané fyziologické funkce mozku, jako je spánek a vědomí, paměť, emoce – strach a úzkost a jejich ovlivnění farmaky. Samostatná kapitola je věnována dějinám účinků farmak na psychiku a tradičním a netradičním způsobům...
1. vydání 322 stran : ilustrace, portréty, faksimile, grafy ; 24 cm
Publikace se zabývá účinkem psychotropních látek na mozek a na lidské chování a psychiku. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.; Obecná část knihy popisuje základní anatomické struktury mozku ve vztahu k chování a vybrané fyziologické funkce mozku, jako je spánek a vědomí, paměť, emoce – strach a úzkost a jejich ovlivnění farmaky. Samostatná kapitola je věnována dějinám účinků farmak na psychiku a tradičním a netradičním způsobům...
- MeSH
- Behavior drug effects MeSH
- Emotions drug effects MeSH
- Brain MeSH
- Neurophysiology MeSH
- Memory drug effects MeSH
- Psychotropic Drugs pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Monograph MeSH
- Conspectus
- Farmacie. Farmakologie
- NML Fields
- psychofarmakologie
It is not surprising to find microbiome abnormalities present in psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, etc. Evolutionary pressure may provide an existential advantage to the host eukaryotic cells in that it survives in an extracellular environment containing non-self cells (e.g., bacteria). This phenomenon is both positive and negative, as with other intercellular processes. In this specific case, the phenomenal amount of information gained from combined bacterial genome could enhance communication between self and non-self cells. This can be coupled to both pathological processes and healthy ones. In this review, we chose to examine potential associated disorders that may be coupled to the microbiome, from the perspective of their bidirectional communication with eukaryotic cells in the gut. Cognition, being the newest neural networking functionality to evolve, consumes a good amount of organismic energy, 30% of which arises from the gut flora. Furthermore, the mammalian gut is highly innervated and has a highly developed immune component, reflecting brain complexity. The brain-gut axis uses similar molecular messengers as the brain, which affects bacterial processes as well. Thus, any modification of normal bacterial processes may manifest itself in altered behavior/cognition, originating from the gut. The origin of some disorders associated with this bidirectional communication may be harnessed to restore normal functioning.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Behavior drug effects MeSH
- Mental Disorders microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbiota * drug effects MeSH
- Morphine therapeutic use MeSH
- Probiotics pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
Emergentní delirium (ED) je stav psychomotorického neklidu, percepční poruchy a excitace dítěte vznikající po skončení nejčastěji inhalační anestezie. V dětské populaci se vyskytuje v 25–55 % anestezií. ED se objevuje v prvních minutách po ukončení inhalace anestetika. Délka závisí na farmakologickém ovlivnění, povaze dítěte, prostředí a řadě dalších faktorů. ED se vyskytuje nejčastěji mezi 1. a 6. rokem dítěte. Novorozenci a malí kojenci reagují na sevofluranovou anestezii neobvyklým neklidem a mávavými pohyby. Podmínkou pro hodnocení neklidu dítěte po anestezii jako emergentního deliria je jistota důkladné pooperační analgezie. Pro objektivní stanovení přítomnosti ED a hodnocení jeho závažnosti bylo sestaveno PAED skóre (Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score). Příčiny emergentního deliria nejsou dosud stanoveny. Vznik pooperační zmatenosti se přičítá rychlému probuzení z inhalační anestezie. Zvažuje se též přímý účinek sevofluranu na CNS. Vznik ED je podporován emocionální nezralostí dítěte, jeho temperamentem, úzkostlivostí nebo neklidem přítomných. Vznik a průběh ED je zásadně ovlivněn způsobem vedení ane-stezie. Praxe nám přinesla následující poznatky: monoanestezie sevofluranem a kombinovaná anestezie incidenci ED prokazatelně zvyšuje. Výskyt ED zvýší i vysoká koncentrace sevofluranu na závěr anestezie. Nejvyšší výskyt ED je od kojeneckého do předškolního věku a pohlaví dítěte není rozhodující. Výskytu ED lze zabránit nebo jeho frekvenci snížit účinnou sedativní premedikací (např. midazolam 0,3–0,5 mg/kg p. o.), a to zejména u výkonů trvajících do 1 hodiny. Nižší výskyt ED pozorujeme po doplňované anestezii, při níž byl podáván zejména sufentanil. Pokud se ED po skončení anestezie rozvine, ovlivňujeme je před propuštěním ze sálu nejčastěji podáním midazolamu i. v. (0,1 mg/kg) nebo propofolu (0,5 mg/kg i. v.), ojediněle ketaminu (1 mg/kg i. v.). Na oddělení bývá použit chloralhydrát 20–100 mg/kg p. r.
Emergence delirium (ED) is a state of agitation, perceptual disorders and excitation of a child after inhalational anaesthesia. It occurs in 25–55 % of paediatric anae-sthetics. Its duration depends on the chosen anaesthetic drugs, nature of the child, environment and many other factors. Most often, ED occurs in children of the age between 1 and 6 years. The pre-requisite for assessment of child's agitation after anaesthesia as ED is assurance of adequate postoperative analgesia. The Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium score (PAED) was designed for objective determination of ED and assessment of its seriousness. The causes of ED have not been determined yet. Origination of postoperative confusion is attributed to rapid waking up from inhalational anaesthesia. A direct effect of sevoflurane on the central nervous system is also considered. Occurrence of ED is made more likely by emotional immaturity of the child, his/her temperament and anxiousness or calmness of the persons present. It appears that mono-anae-sthesia by sevoflurane and combined anaesthesia increase ED incidence. ED incidence is also increased by high concentration of sevoflurane at the end of anaesthesia. The most frequent occurrence of ED is in children from the infant age to preschool age of either gender. ED occurrence can be prevented by effective sedative premedication (e.g. midazolam 0.3–0.5 mg p.o.). We see less frequent occurrence of ED after balanced anaesthesia, during which mainly sufentanil was administered. If ED occurs we most often manage it by administering midazolam i.v. (0.1 mg/kg) or propofol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) or rarely by ketamine (1 mg/kg i.v.). In the ward setting, chloral hydrate can be used. Agitation or emergence delirium in a child after sevo-flurane anaesthesia is quite a frequent complication with varied clinical manifestations.
- MeSH
- Anesthetics, Inhalation * adverse effects MeSH
- Behavior drug effects MeSH
- Delirium * chemically induced MeSH
- Isoflurane * analogs & derivatives MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Preanesthetic Medication MeSH
- Anesthesia Recovery Period * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Operator's movements are one of the areas where variability is undesirable. Vehicle driving is probably the most frequent operator movement in society where errors can result in serious social, medical and economic consequences. In this article we focused on the influence of moderate alcohol intoxication (less then 1.0 g/kg) on right hand movement variability during manual gear selection and on driving ability. METHODS: The test took place in a laboratory setup in a passenger vehicle simulator. Simulated traffic lights were used to stop the car and hand movement was measured by kinematical analysis with the use of a motion capture system. RESULTS: Large variability in blood alcohol concentrations were observed as well as large intra-individual hand movement variability and reaction time to visual stimulus. DISCUSSION: The findings are somewhat ambiguous. Research outcomes did not confirm the hypothesis about the impact of moderate alcohol intoxication on movement variability. On the other hand, in some cases the observed data indicate critical behavior regarding safe driving and response to particular traffic situations.
- MeSH
- Behavior drug effects physiology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Ethanol administration & dosage adverse effects blood MeSH
- Central Nervous System Depressants administration & dosage adverse effects blood MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Motor Skills drug effects physiology MeSH
- Alcoholic Intoxication blood physiopathology MeSH
- Reaction Time drug effects physiology MeSH
- Automobile Driving MeSH
- User-Computer Interface MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Clinical Trial MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND AIMS: The effect of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and/or the cytokine fms-like thyrosin kinase 3 (Flt3) ligand on functional outcome and tissue regeneration was studied in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: Rats with a balloon-induced compression lesion were injected with G-CSF and/or Flt3 ligand to mobilize bone marrow cells. Behavioral tests (Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan and plantar test), blood counts, morphometric evaluation of the white and gray matter, and histology were performed 5 weeks after SCI. RESULTS: The mobilization of bone marrow cells by G-CSF, Flt3 ligand and their combination improved the motor and sensory performance of rats with SCI, reduced glial scarring, increased axonal sprouting and spared white and gray matter in the lesion. The best results were obtained with a combination of G-CSF and Flt3. G-CSF alone or in combination with Flt3 ligand significantly increased the number of white blood cells, but not red blood cells or hemoglobin content, during and after the time-course of bone marrow stimulation. The combination of factors led to infiltration of the lesion by CD11b(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS: The observed improvement in behavioral and morphologic parameters and tissue regeneration in animals with SCI treated with a combination of both factors could be associated with a prolonged time-course of mobilization of bone marrow cells. The intravenous administration of G-CSF and/or Flt3 ligand represents a safe and effective treatment modality for SCI.
- MeSH
- Cell Growth Processes drug effects MeSH
- Bone Marrow Cells drug effects metabolism pathology MeSH
- Behavior drug effects MeSH
- Sensation drug effects MeSH
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Cells, Cultured MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Membrane Proteins administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Brain drug effects metabolism pathology MeSH
- Motor Activity drug effects MeSH
- Spinal Cord Injuries pathology physiopathology surgery therapy MeSH
- Rats, Wistar MeSH
- Guided Tissue Regeneration MeSH
- Drug Synergism MeSH
- Cell Survival drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Behavior drug effects MeSH
- Pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Newspaper Article MeSH
- Interview MeSH
Serotonin (5-HT) receptors have been suggested to play key roles in psychosis, cognition, and mood via influence on neurotransmitters, synaptic integrity, and neural plasticity. Specifically, genetic evidence indicates that 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are related to psychotic symptoms, cognitive disturbances, and treatment response in schizophrenia. Data from animal research suggest the role of 5-HT in cognition via its influence on dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic function. This article provides up-to-date findings on the role of 5-HT receptors in endophenotypic variations in schizophrenia and the development of newer cognition-enhancing medications, based on basic science and clinical evidence. Imaging genetics studies on associations of polymorphisms of several 5-HT receptor subtypes with brain structure, function, and metabolism suggest a role for the prefrontal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus in cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. Data from animal experiments to determine the effect of agonists/antagonists at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) receptors on behavioral performance in animal models of schizophrenia based on the glutamatergic hypothesis provide useful information. For this purpose, standard as well as novel cognitive tasks provide a measure of memory/information processing and social interaction. In order to scrutinize mixed evidence for the ability of 5-HT(1A) agonists/antagonists to improve cognition, behavioral data in various paradigms from transgenic mice overexpressing 5-HT(1A) receptors provide valuable insights. Clinical trials reporting the advantage of 5-HT(1A) partial agonists add to efforts to shape pharmacologic perspectives concerning cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia by developing novel compounds acting on 5-HT receptors. Overall, these lines of evidence from translational research will facilitate the development of newer pharmacologic strategies for the treatment of cognitive disturbances of schizophrenia.
- MeSH
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Serotonin Antagonists pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Buspirone pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Behavior drug effects MeSH
- Isoindoles pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Cognition Disorders * drug therapy metabolism physiopathology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics metabolism MeSH
- Brain physiopathology drug effects MeSH
- Piperazines pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Polymorphism, Genetic * MeSH
- Pyrimidines pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A * genetics metabolism MeSH
- Schizophrenia * drug therapy metabolism physiopathology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
