BACKGROUND: In mammals, odontogenesis is regulated by transient signaling centers known as enamel knots (EKs), which drive the dental epithelium shaping. However, the developmental mechanisms contributing to formation of complex tooth shape in reptiles are not fully understood. Here, we aim to elucidate whether signaling organizers similar to EKs appear during reptilian odontogenesis and how enamel ridges are formed. RESULTS: Morphological structures resembling the mammalian EK were found during reptile odontogenesis. Similar to mammalian primary EKs, they exhibit the presence of apoptotic cells and no proliferating cells. Moreover, expression of mammalian EK-specific molecules (SHH, FGF4, and ST14) and GLI2-negative cells were found in reptilian EK-like areas. 3D analysis of the nucleus shape revealed distinct rearrangement of the cells associated with enamel groove formation. This process was associated with ultrastructural changes and lipid droplet accumulation in the cells directly above the forming ridge, accompanied by alteration of membranous molecule expression (Na/K-ATPase) and cytoskeletal rearrangement (F-actin). CONCLUSIONS: The final complex shape of reptilian teeth is orchestrated by a combination of changes in cell signaling, cell shape, and cell rearrangement. All these factors contribute to asymmetry in the inner enamel epithelium development, enamel deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of characteristic enamel ridges.

• MeSH
• aktiny metabolismus   MeSH
• lipidová tělíska metabolismus   MeSH
• odontogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• plazi anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• zubní sklovina cytologie   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zuby MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Although our knowledge regarding oocyte quality and development has improved significantly, the molecular mechanisms that regulate and determine oocyte developmental competence are still unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and analyze the transcriptome profiles of porcine oocytes derived from large or small follicles using RNA high-throughput sequencing technology. RNA libraries were constructed from oocytes of large (LO; 3-6 mm) or small (SO; 1.5-1.9 mm) ovarian follicles and then sequenced in an Illumina HiSeq4000. Transcriptome analysis showed a total of 14,557 genes were commonly detected in both oocyte groups. Genes related to the cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, and quality were among the top highly expressed genes in both groups. Differential expression analysis revealed 60 up- and 262 downregulated genes in the LO compared with the SO group. BRCA2, GPLD1, ZP3, ND3, and ND4L were among the highly abundant and highly significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The ontological classification of DEGs indicated that protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum was the top enriched pathway. In addition, biological processes related to cell growth and signaling, gene expression regulations, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix organization were among the highly enriched processes. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the global transcriptome changes and the abundance of specific transcripts in porcine oocytes in correlation with follicle size.

• MeSH
• genové regulační sítě fyziologie   MeSH
• oocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• oogeneze genetika   MeSH
• ovariální folikul cytologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• prasata genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• signální transdukce genetika   MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The degradation of maternally provided molecules is a very important process during early embryogenesis. However, the vast majority of studies deals with mRNA degradation and protein degradation is only a very little explored process yet. The aim of this article was to summarize current knowledge about the protein degradation during embryogenesis of mammals. In addition to resuming of known data concerning mammalian embryogenesis, we tried to fill the gaps in knowledge by comparison with facts known about protein degradation in early embryos of non-mammalian species. Maternal protein degradation seems to be driven by very strict rules in terms of specificity and timing. The degradation of some maternal proteins is certainly necessary for the normal course of embryonic genome activation (EGA) and several concrete proteins that need to be degraded before major EGA have been already found. Nevertheless, the most important period seems to take place even before preimplantation development-during oocyte maturation. The defects arisen during this period seems to be later irreparable.

• MeSH
• embryo nesavčí metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• embryo savčí metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• embryonální vývoj fyziologie   MeSH
• genom fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oocyty metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Establishment of asymmetry along the left-right (LR) body axis in vertebrates requires interplay between Nodal and Bmp signaling pathways. In the basal chordate amphioxus, the left-sided activity of the Nodal signaling has been attributed to the asymmetric morphogenesis of paraxial structures and pharyngeal organs, however the role of Bmp signaling in LR asymmetry establishment has not been addressed to date. Here, we show that Bmp signaling is necessary for the development of LR asymmetric morphogenesis of amphioxus larvae through regulation of Nodal signaling. Loss of Bmp signaling results in loss of the left-sided expression of Nodal, Gdf1/3, Lefty and Pitx and in gain of ectopic expression of Cerberus on the left side. As a consequence, the larvae display loss of the offset arrangement of axial structures, loss of the left-sided pharyngeal organs including the mouth, and ectopic development of the right-sided organs on the left side. Bmp inhibition thus phenocopies inhibition of Nodal signaling and results in the right isomerism. We conclude that Bmp and Nodal pathways act in concert to specify the left side and that Bmp signaling plays a fundamental role during LR development in amphioxus.

• MeSH
• embryo nesavčí cytologie   embryologie   MeSH
• faktory určující pravo-levou symetrii biosyntéza   MeSH
• kopinatci cytologie   embryologie   MeSH
• kostní morfogenetické proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• protein nodal metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Equilibrative ( SLC29A) and concentrative ( SLC28A) nucleoside transporters contribute to proper placental development and mediate uptake of nucleosides/nucleoside-derived drugs. We analyzed placental expression of SLC28A mRNA during gestation. Moreover, we studied in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells whether SLC29A and SLC28A mRNA levels can be modulated by activity of adenylyl cyclase, retinoic acid receptor activation, CpG islands methylation, or histone acetylation, using forskolin, all- trans-retinoic acid, 5-azacytidine, and sodium butyrate/sodium valproate, respectively. We found that expression of SLC28A1, SLC28A2, and SLC28A3 increases during gestation and reveals considerable interindividual variability. SLC28A2 was shown to be a dominant subtype in the first-trimester and term human placenta, while SLC28A1 exhibited negligible expression in the term placenta only. In BeWo cells, we detected mRNA of SLC28A2 and SLC28A3. Levels of the latter were affected by 5-azacytidine and all- trans-retinoic acid, while the former was modulated by sodium valproate (but not sodium butyrate), all- trans-retinoic acid, 5-azacytidine, and forskolin that caused 25-fold increase in SLC28A2 mRNA; we documented by analysis of syncytin-1 that the observed changes in SLC28A expression do not correlate with the morphological differentiation state of BeWo cells. Upregulated SLC28A2 mRNA was reflected in elevated uptake of [3H]-adenosine, high-affinity substrate of concentrative nucleoside transporter 2. Using KT-5720 and inhibitors of phosphodiesterases, we subsequently confirmed importance of cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in SLC28A2 regulation. On the other hand, SLC29A genes exhibited constitutive expression and none of the tested compounds increased SLC28A1 expression to detectable levels. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that methylation status and activation of retinoic acid receptor affect placental SLC28A2 and SLC28A3 transcription and substrates of concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 might be taken up in higher extent in placentas with overactivated cAMP/protein kinase A pathway and likely in the term placenta.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• ekvilibrační proteiny přenášející nukleosidy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• gestační stáří * MeSH
• karbazoly farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• placenta účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• pyrroly farmakologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Inflorescences of wheat species, spikes, are characteristically unbranched and bear one sessile spikelet at a spike rachis node. Development of supernumerary spikelets (SSs) at rachis nodes or on the extended rachillas is abnormal. Various wheat morphotypes with altered spike morphology, associated with the development of SSs, present an important genetic resource for studies on genetic regulation of wheat inflorescence development. RESULTS: Here we characterized diploid and tetraploid wheat lines of various non-standard spike morphotypes, which allowed for identification of a new mutant allele of the WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE (WFZP) gene that determines spike branching in diploid wheat Ttiticum monococcum L. Moreover, we found that the development of SSs and spike branching in wheat T. durum Desf. was a result of a wfzp-A/TtBH-A1 mutation that originated from spontaneous hybridization with T. turgidum convar. сompositum (L.f.) Filat. Detailed characterization of the false-true ramification phenotype controlled by the recessive sham ramification 2 (shr2) gene in tetraploid wheat T. turgidum L. allowed us to suggest putative functions of the SHR2 gene that may be involved in the regulation of spikelet meristem fate and in specification of floret meristems. The results of a gene interaction test suggested that genes WFZP and SHR2 function independently in different processes during spikelet development, whereas another spike ramification gene(s) interact(s) with SHR2 and share(s) common functions. CONCLUSIONS: SS mutants represent an important genetic tool for research on the development of the wheat spikelet and for identification of genes that control meristem activities. Further studies on different non-standard SS morphotypes and wheat lines with altered spike morphology will allow researchers to identify new genes that control meristem identity and determinacy, to elucidate the interaction between the genes, and to understand how these genes, acting in concert, regulate the development of the wheat spike.

• MeSH
• květy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• meristém růst a vývoj   MeSH
• pšenice genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné geny genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Each cell types or tissues contain certain "physiological" levels of R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), as well as enzymes for its synthesis and degradation. 2HG accumulates in certain tumors, possessing heterozygous point mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenases IDH1 (cytosolic) or IDH2 (mitochondrial) and contributes to strengthening their malignancy by inhibiting 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. By blocking histone de-methylation and 5-methyl-cytosine hydroxylation, 2HG maintains cancer cells de-differentiated and promotes their proliferation. However, physiological 2HG formation and formation by non-mutant IDH1/2 in cancer cells were neglected. Consequently, low levels of 2HG might play certain physiological roles. We aimed to elucidate this issue and found that compared to highest 2HG levels in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and moderate levels in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, rat primary fibroblast contained low basal 2HG levels at early passages. These levels increased at late passage and likewise 2HG/2OG ratios dropped without growth factors and enormously increased at hypoxia, reaching levels compared to cancer HepG2 cells. Responses in SH-SY5Y cells were opposite. Moreover, external 2HG supplementation enhanced fibroblast growth. Hence, we conclude that low 2HG levels facilitate cell proliferation in primary fibroblasts, acting via hypoxia-induced factor regulations and epigenetic changes.

• MeSH
• buňky Hep G2 MeSH
• experimentální nádory patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• glutaráty metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• proliferace buněk fyziologie   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

γ-Tubulins are highly conserved members of the tubulin superfamily essential for microtubule nucleation. Humans possess 2 γ-tubulin genes. It is thought that γ-tubulin-1 represents a ubiquitous isotype, whereas γ-tubulin-2 is found predominantly in the brain, where it may be endowed with divergent functions beyond microtubule nucleation. The molecular basis of the purported functional differences between γ-tubulins is unknown. We report discrimination of human γ-tubulins according to their electrophoretic and immunochemical properties. In vitro mutagenesis revealed that the differences in electrophoretic mobility originate in the C-terminal regions of the γ-tubulins. Using epitope mapping, we discovered mouse monoclonal antibodies that can discriminate between human γ-tubulin isotypes. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and 2-dimensional-PAGE showed that γ-tubulin-1 is the dominant isotype in fetal neurons. Although γ-tubulin-2 accumulates in the adult brain, γ-tubulin-1 remains the major isotype in various brain regions. Localization of γ-tubulin-1 in mature neurons was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy on clinical samples and tissue microarrays. Differentiation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by all-trans retinoic acid, or oxidative stress induced by mitochondrial inhibitors, resulted in upregulation of γ-tubulin-2, whereas the expression of γ-tubulin-1 was unchanged. Fractionation experiments and immunoelectron microscopy revealed an association of γ-tubulins with mitochondrial membranes. These data indicate that in the face of predominant γ-tubulin-1 expression, the accumulation of γ-tubulin-2 in mature neurons and neuroblastoma cells during oxidative stress may denote a prosurvival role of γ-tubulin-2 in neurons.-Dráberová, E., Sulimenko, V., Vinopal, S., Sulimenko, T., Sládková, V., D'Agostino, L., Sobol, M., Hozák, P., Křen, L., Katsetos, C. D., Dráber, P. Differential expression of human γ-tubulin isotypes during neuronal development and oxidative stress points to γ-tubulin-2 prosurvival function.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrotubuly metabolismus   MeSH
• neuroblastom metabolismus   MeSH
• neurogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• tubulin metabolismus   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Lineage tracing has shown that most of the facial skeleton is derived from cranial neural crest cells. However, the local signals that influence postmigratory, neural crest-derived mesenchyme also play a major role in patterning the skeleton. Here, we study the role of BMP signaling in regulating the fate of chondro-osteoprogenitor cells in the face. RESULTS: A single Noggin-soaked bead inserted into stage 15 chicken embryos induced an ectopic cartilage resembling the interorbital septum within the palate and other midline structures. In contrast, the same treatment in stage 20 embryos caused a loss of bones. The molecular basis for the stage-specific response to Noggin lay in the simultaneous up-regulation of SOX9 and downregulation of RUNX2 in the maxillary mesenchyme, increased cell adhesiveness as shown by N-cadherin induction around the beads and increased RA pathway gene expression. None of these changes were observed in stage 20 embryos. CONCLUSIONS: These experiments demonstrate how slight changes in expression of growth factors such as BMPs could lead to gain or loss of cartilage in the upper jaw during vertebrate evolution. In addition, BMPs have at least two roles: one in patterning the skull and another in regulating the skeletogenic fates of neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Developmental Dynamics 245:947-962, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

• MeSH
• embryo nesavčí cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kmenové buňky cytologie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• kostní morfogenetické proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• mezoderm cytologie   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• obličej embryologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• transkripční faktor SOX9 genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transportní proteiny farmakologie   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kuřecí embryo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are responsible for fast excitatory neurotransmission, and their prolonged activation can result in the generation and spread of epileptic seizures. At early stages of postnatal development, the majority of AMPARs are permeable to both Na(+) and Ca(2+) ions. This permeability, which increases neuronal excitability, is due to the lack of the GluA2 subunit, encoded by the GRIA2A gene, and/or the presence of an unedited GluA2 subunit Q/R site (glutamine instead of arginine). Lithium chloride- and pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (LiCl/Pilo-SE) in rodents represents a model of severe seizures that result in development of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The aim of this study was to determine how LiCl/Pilo-SE induced early in life (at postnatal day 12; P12) alters normal expression of the GRIA2A gene and GluA2 protein. SE was interrupted by an injection of paraldehyde (Para). Control groups were 1) naïve animals, and 2) siblings of SE rats receiving only LiCl and paraldehyde (LiCl/Para). The expression profile of GRIA2A mRNA was determined via qPCR, and GluA2 protein levels were measured by western blotting. The analysis was performed at 3h (protein levels), and then 3-, 6-, 13-, and 60days, following LiCl/Pilo-SE or LiCl/Para injection (i.e. at P12, P15, P18, P25, P72 respectively). Six different brain regions were analyzed: frontal (CXFR), parietal (CXPAR), and occipital (CXOC) cortex, dorsal (HD) and ventral (HV) hippocampus, and thalamus (TH). There was a significant increase in GRIA2A mRNA expression in the CXFR, CXPAR, and CXOC of P18 SE animals. In CXFR and HD, increased expression of GluA2 AMPAR subunit protein was detected, as well as a surge in GRIA2A mRNA and GluA2 protein expression especially at P18. In HD the surge was detected not only during development (P18), but also later in life (P72). Since high levels of GluA2 can be neuroprotective (by decreasing Ca(2+) permeability), our data suggest that the neocortex and dorsal hippocampus are able to activate endogenous antiepileptic mechanisms. A marked decrease in the overall expression of GluA2 protein in the HV in the LiCl/Pilo-SE and LiCl/Para rats, suggests that the HV is predisposed to excitotoxicity, not only during development, but even in adulthood. Interestingly, LiCl in combination with paraldehyde can also strongly alter the normal ontogeny of GRIA2A mRNA as well as GluA2 subunit protein expression.

• MeSH
• AMPA receptory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• chlorid lithný toxicita   MeSH
• fluoresceiny farmakokinetika   MeSH
• konvulzíva toxicita   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• pilokarpin toxicita   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• status epilepticus chemicky indukované   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH