- MeSH
- Cytokines physiology classification MeSH
- Inflammasomes physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lipids * biosynthesis physiology classification MeSH
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition classification MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System physiology MeSH
- Inflammation * physiopathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
V prvních měsících po narození je u dětí pozorováno období vysoké hormonální aktivity (tzv. minipuberta), hladiny vyšetřovaných hormonů v této době dosahují pubertálních hodnot. Aktivace hypotalamo-hypofyzo-gonadální osy probíhá u obou pohlaví, v případě chlapců mezi prvním a třetím měsícem života, u dívek vyšší hladiny některých hormonů trvají déle. Toto období má důležitou funkci v souvislosti s vývojem genitálu a vyzráváním gonád. Defektní průběh minipuberty je spojován s poruchou transformace spermatogonií v případě nesestouplého varlete (kryptorchismus), což může být jednou z příčin infertility v dospělosti až u třetiny standardně chirurgicky léčených orchidopexí. Studium minipuberty a možnosti zlepšení jejího průběhu hormonální suplementací u chlapců s nesestouplým varletem jsou objektem zkoumání. Zatímco hormonální léčba s cílem spontánního sestupu není pro nízkou efektivitu doporučována, mohla by být cíleně podávána jako doplňková k chirurgické léčbě za účelem zlepšení vyzrávání spermatogonií.
It is possible to measure higher hormonal activity (so called minipuberty) during first months of life, hormonal levels during this period are as high as in true puberty. The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated in both sexes, in boys the peak is between first and third month of life, in girls this period is longer. This hormonal surge has an important impact on the development of external genitalia and on gonadal maturation. Defective minipuberty is connected with failed transformation of spermatogonia in undescended testis, which may be one of reasons for future infertility in 30% of succesfully surgical only treated men. Further investigation of minipuberty and its hormonal substitution as an option how to improve infertility risk in these patients is necessary.
- Keywords
- minipuberta,
- MeSH
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone physiology blood MeSH
- Early Diagnosis MeSH
- Gonadotropins analysis therapeutic use MeSH
- Hormone Replacement Therapy MeSH
- Inhibins physiology blood MeSH
- Cryptorchidism * pathology therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Orchiopexy MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System * embryology physiology MeSH
- Child Development MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Ageing is accompanied by deterioration in physical condition and a number of physiological processes and thus a higher risk of a range of diseases and disorders. In particular, we focused on the changes associated with aging, especially the role of small molecules, their role in physiological and pathophysiological processes and potential treatment options. Our previously published results and data from other authors lead to the conclusion that these unwanted changes are mainly linked to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can be slowed down, stopped, or in some cases even reversed by an appropriate treatment, but especially by a life-management adjustment.
- MeSH
- Hormones metabolism MeSH
- Small Molecule Libraries MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Receptors, Cell Surface metabolism MeSH
- Aging drug effects metabolism pathology MeSH
- Pituitary-Adrenal System drug effects physiology MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System drug effects physiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neoplasms epidemiology complications therapy MeSH
- Pituitary Diseases * diagnosis epidemiology etiology therapy MeSH
- Hypothalamic Diseases * diagnosis epidemiology etiology therapy MeSH
- Palliative Care methods MeSH
- Growth Disorders * diagnosis epidemiology etiology therapy MeSH
- Cancer Survivors statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System physiology MeSH
- Age of Onset MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Overall MeSH
Exercise is a stress stimulus for the human organism affecting the homeostatic mechanisms of the body, depending on the type, duration, intensity and frequency of exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate aerobic exercise bout on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis acute hormonal responses in healthy adult humans. Twelve healthy male and female volunteers (age: 30.6 ± 4.4 years), performed a single bout of a 30-minute aerobic exercise at 70% of VO2max on a treadmill, following standard diet. Blood samples were collected before (t0), at the end of the exercise bout (t30), and 30 min after the completion of exercise (t60). Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (COR), aldosterone (ALDO) and renin (REN) were measured. One-way ANOVA was used for statistics. ACTH and COR decreased after exercise, reaching significance (p < 0.01) 30 min after the completion of the exercise bout. ALDO increased at the end of exercise and remained elevated 30 min after its completion. REN significantly increased at the end of exercise (p < 0.05) and remained elevated. The exercise regimen used in this study had beneficial effects on the stress axis, suggesting that specific exercise protocols can be characterised by mild physiological stress-inducing effects hence be prescribed for special diseased populations.
- MeSH
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone blood MeSH
- Aldosterone blood MeSH
- Exercise * physiology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Stress, Physiological MeSH
- Hydrocortisone blood MeSH
- Cardiorespiratory Fitness physiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Renin-Angiotensin System physiology MeSH
- Renin blood MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System physiology MeSH
- Exercise Test methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents an important and evolutionarily ancient biological pathway linking physical and psychological stressors with human health. Despite considerable research exploring the physiological stress response among developed populations, few studies have examined HPA activity in non-industrialized contexts, restricting understanding of variation in human stress reactivity across global socio-ecological diversity. The present study addresses this shortcoming by investigating diurnal cortisol rhythms among Garisakang forager-horticulturalists of remote, lowland Papua New Guinea. Using a large sample of repeated salivary cortisol measurements from 169 participants (age 4-70 years), multilevel growth curve models were constructed to assess Garisakang waking cortisol concentrations and diurnal cortisol slopes. As predicted, results demonstrate identifiable but substantially diminished diurnal cortisol rhythms relative to those of industrialized populations. Sample-wide, Garisakang cortisol concentrations are highest upon waking (mean = 4.86 nmol/L) and decrease throughout the day at a mean rate of only -0.18 nmol/L/h or -6.20%/h. Age and sex significantly predict evaluated cortisol parameters in ways not consistently reported among industrialized populations, suggesting that Garisakang diurnal cortisol rhythms are defined by distinct ontogenetic trajectories across the lifespan. These findings highlight cross-cultural diversity in HPA activity and have important implications for understanding basic mechanisms of the physiological stress response in contexts of chronic physical stressors such as limited nutrition, heavy burden of infectious disease, and high levels of physical activity.
- MeSH
- Circadian Rhythm physiology MeSH
- Exercise MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Stress, Physiological physiology MeSH
- Hydrocortisone analysis MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Saliva chemistry MeSH
- Pituitary-Adrenal System physiology MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Papua New Guinea MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Retrospective studies of TBI have found a neuroendocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in 23 to 60% of adults and 15 to 21% of children. Our aims were to determine the prevalence of hypothalamo-hypophyseal dysfunction in children following brain injury, assess its relationship to the type of injury and the course of the acute post-traumatic phase. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Body development (growth, pubertal development, and skeletal maturity) were evaluated in 58 patients (21 girls) after a brain injury rated 3 to 12 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients underwent standard endocrine tests - TSH, fT4, IGF-1, PRL, morning cortisol, FSH, LH, and testosterone in boys and estradiol in girls - in the early post-traumatic period (2 to 14 days; T0) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the injury (T3, T6, and T12). Dynamic tests were carried out in patients with abnormalities in their clinical examination and/or laboratory results. An MRI was performed on all patients at T12. RESULTS: The median age at the time of injury was 11.3 (0.5 to 18.7) years. Of the 58 patients, 23 had GCS < 8, corresponding to severe brain injury. At T0, diabetes insipidus (DI) was diagnosed in 12 patients, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was found in 4 patients. Frequent hormonal changes simulated central hypothyroidism (in 45% of patients) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (in 25% of adolescents who were already pubertal at the time of injury > Tanner II). Examination at T3 (n = 58) confirmed a combined pituitary hormone deficiency in two boys and DI in another one. At T6 (n = 49), hormonal dysfunctions were diagnosed in two boys (precocious puberty and growth hormone deficiency). At T12 (n = 39), a new endocrine dysfunction was diagnosed in five patients (growth hormone deficiency in two, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in two, and in one patient, already diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency, central hypothyroidism, as well). Brain MRI revealed an empty sella in two patients with growth hormone deficiency. Patients with GCS < 8 had more symptoms of SIADH or DI in the early post-traumatic period 11/23 vs. patients with GCS of 8 to 13 (4/35), and more frequent hormonal disorder (6/23) than individuals with moderate trauma (3/35), P = 0.0135. The incidence of endocrine dysfunction at T0 significantly correlated with the severity of injury (P = 0.05), but it was not an indicator for the development of a late hormonal disorder. CONCLUSION: Within a year after injury, a hormonal disorder was found in 17.6% of the patients. Neuroendocrine dysfunction as a late consequence of craniocerebral trauma in children and adolescents was less frequent than in adults. Risk factors for its development are the gravity of the injury, brain scan pathology, and possibly the development of DI, SIADH, or CSWS in the acute post-traumatic phase.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Diabetes Insipidus etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Hypogonadism etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Hypopituitarism etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Hypothalamic Hormones metabolism MeSH
- Hypothyroidism etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Growth Hormone deficiency MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Hypothalamic Diseases etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Puberty, Precocious etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Inappropriate ADH Syndrome etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System physiology MeSH
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic complications physiopathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
BACKGROUND: Maladaptive responses to negative affective stimuli are pervasive, including clinically ill and healthy people, and men and women respond differently at neural and hormonal levels. Inspired by the Research Domain Criteria initiative, we used a transdiagnostic approach to investigate the impact of sex and dysphoric mood on neural-hormonal responses to negative affective stimuli. METHODS: Participants included 99 individuals with major depressive disorder, psychosis and healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was complemented with real-time acquisition of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) hormones. fMRI data were analyzed in SPM8 and task-related connectivity was assessed using generalized psychophysiological interaction. RESULTS: Across all participants, elevated cortisol response predicted lower brain activity in orbitofrontal cortex and hypothalamus-amygdala connectivity. In those with worse dysphoric mood, elevated cortisol response predicted lower activity in hypothalamus and hippocampus. In women, elevated cortisol response was associated with lower activity in medial prefrontal cortex and low hypothalamo-hippocampal connectivity. In women with high dysphoric mood, elevated cortisol response was associated with low hypothalamo-hippocampal connectivity. There were no interactions with diagnosis or medication. LIMITATIONS: There was limited power to correct for multiple comparisons across total number of ROIs and connectivity targets; cortisol responses were relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the pathophysiology in neural-hormonal responses to negative affective stimuli is shared across healthy and clinical populations and varies as a function of sex and dysphoric mood. Our findings may contribute to the development of hormonal adjunctive therapeutics that are sex-dependent, underscoring the importance of one's sex to precision medicine.
- MeSH
- Affect physiology MeSH
- Amygdala physiopathology MeSH
- Depressive Disorder, Major diagnostic imaging physiopathology psychology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Hippocampus physiopathology MeSH
- Hydrocortisone physiology MeSH
- Hypothalamus physiopathology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Prefrontal Cortex physiopathology MeSH
- Psychotic Disorders diagnostic imaging physiopathology psychology MeSH
- Sex Factors * MeSH
- Pituitary-Adrenal System physiology MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
