V prvních měsících po narození je u dětí pozorováno období vysoké hormonální aktivity (tzv. minipuberta), hladiny vyšetřovaných hormonů v této době dosahují pubertálních hodnot. Aktivace hypotalamo-hypofyzo-gonadální osy probíhá u obou pohlaví, v případě chlapců mezi prvním a třetím měsícem života, u dívek vyšší hladiny některých hormonů trvají déle. Toto období má důležitou funkci v souvislosti s vývojem genitálu a vyzráváním gonád. Defektní průběh minipuberty je spojován s poruchou transformace spermatogonií v případě nesestouplého varlete (kryptorchismus), což může být jednou z příčin infertility v dospělosti až u třetiny standardně chirurgicky léčených orchidopexí. Studium minipuberty a možnosti zlepšení jejího průběhu hormonální suplementací u chlapců s nesestouplým varletem jsou objektem zkoumání. Zatímco hormonální léčba s cílem spontánního sestupu není pro nízkou efektivitu doporučována, mohla by být cíleně podávána jako doplňková k chirurgické léčbě za účelem zlepšení vyzrávání spermatogonií.
It is possible to measure higher hormonal activity (so called minipuberty) during first months of life, hormonal levels during this period are as high as in true puberty. The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated in both sexes, in boys the peak is between first and third month of life, in girls this period is longer. This hormonal surge has an important impact on the development of external genitalia and on gonadal maturation. Defective minipuberty is connected with failed transformation of spermatogonia in undescended testis, which may be one of reasons for future infertility in 30% of succesfully surgical only treated men. Further investigation of minipuberty and its hormonal substitution as an option how to improve infertility risk in these patients is necessary.
- Klíčová slova
- minipuberta,
- MeSH
- antimülleriánský hormon fyziologie krev MeSH
- časná diagnóza MeSH
- gonadotropiny analýza terapeutické užití MeSH
- hormonální substituční terapie MeSH
- inhibiny fyziologie krev MeSH
- kryptorchismus * patologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- orchidopexe MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza * embryologie fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj dítěte MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Ageing is accompanied by deterioration in physical condition and a number of physiological processes and thus a higher risk of a range of diseases and disorders. In particular, we focused on the changes associated with aging, especially the role of small molecules, their role in physiological and pathophysiological processes and potential treatment options. Our previously published results and data from other authors lead to the conclusion that these unwanted changes are mainly linked to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can be slowed down, stopped, or in some cases even reversed by an appropriate treatment, but especially by a life-management adjustment.
- MeSH
- hormony metabolismus MeSH
- knihovny malých molekul MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu metabolismus MeSH
- stárnutí účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory epidemiologie komplikace terapie MeSH
- nemoci hypofýzy * diagnóza epidemiologie etiologie terapie MeSH
- nemoci hypotalamu * diagnóza epidemiologie etiologie terapie MeSH
- paliativní péče metody MeSH
- poruchy růstu * diagnóza epidemiologie etiologie terapie MeSH
- přežívající onkologičtí pacienti statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- souhrny MeSH
Exercise is a stress stimulus for the human organism affecting the homeostatic mechanisms of the body, depending on the type, duration, intensity and frequency of exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate aerobic exercise bout on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis acute hormonal responses in healthy adult humans. Twelve healthy male and female volunteers (age: 30.6 ± 4.4 years), performed a single bout of a 30-minute aerobic exercise at 70% of VO2max on a treadmill, following standard diet. Blood samples were collected before (t0), at the end of the exercise bout (t30), and 30 min after the completion of exercise (t60). Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (COR), aldosterone (ALDO) and renin (REN) were measured. One-way ANOVA was used for statistics. ACTH and COR decreased after exercise, reaching significance (p < 0.01) 30 min after the completion of the exercise bout. ALDO increased at the end of exercise and remained elevated 30 min after its completion. REN significantly increased at the end of exercise (p < 0.05) and remained elevated. The exercise regimen used in this study had beneficial effects on the stress axis, suggesting that specific exercise protocols can be characterised by mild physiological stress-inducing effects hence be prescribed for special diseased populations.
- MeSH
- adrenokortikotropní hormon krev MeSH
- aldosteron krev MeSH
- cvičení * fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- hydrokortison krev MeSH
- kardiorespirační zdatnost fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- renin-angiotensin systém fyziologie MeSH
- renin krev MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie MeSH
- zátěžový test metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents an important and evolutionarily ancient biological pathway linking physical and psychological stressors with human health. Despite considerable research exploring the physiological stress response among developed populations, few studies have examined HPA activity in non-industrialized contexts, restricting understanding of variation in human stress reactivity across global socio-ecological diversity. The present study addresses this shortcoming by investigating diurnal cortisol rhythms among Garisakang forager-horticulturalists of remote, lowland Papua New Guinea. Using a large sample of repeated salivary cortisol measurements from 169 participants (age 4-70 years), multilevel growth curve models were constructed to assess Garisakang waking cortisol concentrations and diurnal cortisol slopes. As predicted, results demonstrate identifiable but substantially diminished diurnal cortisol rhythms relative to those of industrialized populations. Sample-wide, Garisakang cortisol concentrations are highest upon waking (mean = 4.86 nmol/L) and decrease throughout the day at a mean rate of only -0.18 nmol/L/h or -6.20%/h. Age and sex significantly predict evaluated cortisol parameters in ways not consistently reported among industrialized populations, suggesting that Garisakang diurnal cortisol rhythms are defined by distinct ontogenetic trajectories across the lifespan. These findings highlight cross-cultural diversity in HPA activity and have important implications for understanding basic mechanisms of the physiological stress response in contexts of chronic physical stressors such as limited nutrition, heavy burden of infectious disease, and high levels of physical activity.
- MeSH
- cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- hydrokortison analýza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sliny chemie MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Papua Nová Guinea MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Retrospective studies of TBI have found a neuroendocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in 23 to 60% of adults and 15 to 21% of children. Our aims were to determine the prevalence of hypothalamo-hypophyseal dysfunction in children following brain injury, assess its relationship to the type of injury and the course of the acute post-traumatic phase. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Body development (growth, pubertal development, and skeletal maturity) were evaluated in 58 patients (21 girls) after a brain injury rated 3 to 12 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients underwent standard endocrine tests - TSH, fT4, IGF-1, PRL, morning cortisol, FSH, LH, and testosterone in boys and estradiol in girls - in the early post-traumatic period (2 to 14 days; T0) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the injury (T3, T6, and T12). Dynamic tests were carried out in patients with abnormalities in their clinical examination and/or laboratory results. An MRI was performed on all patients at T12. RESULTS: The median age at the time of injury was 11.3 (0.5 to 18.7) years. Of the 58 patients, 23 had GCS < 8, corresponding to severe brain injury. At T0, diabetes insipidus (DI) was diagnosed in 12 patients, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was found in 4 patients. Frequent hormonal changes simulated central hypothyroidism (in 45% of patients) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (in 25% of adolescents who were already pubertal at the time of injury > Tanner II). Examination at T3 (n = 58) confirmed a combined pituitary hormone deficiency in two boys and DI in another one. At T6 (n = 49), hormonal dysfunctions were diagnosed in two boys (precocious puberty and growth hormone deficiency). At T12 (n = 39), a new endocrine dysfunction was diagnosed in five patients (growth hormone deficiency in two, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in two, and in one patient, already diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency, central hypothyroidism, as well). Brain MRI revealed an empty sella in two patients with growth hormone deficiency. Patients with GCS < 8 had more symptoms of SIADH or DI in the early post-traumatic period 11/23 vs. patients with GCS of 8 to 13 (4/35), and more frequent hormonal disorder (6/23) than individuals with moderate trauma (3/35), P = 0.0135. The incidence of endocrine dysfunction at T0 significantly correlated with the severity of injury (P = 0.05), but it was not an indicator for the development of a late hormonal disorder. CONCLUSION: Within a year after injury, a hormonal disorder was found in 17.6% of the patients. Neuroendocrine dysfunction as a late consequence of craniocerebral trauma in children and adolescents was less frequent than in adults. Risk factors for its development are the gravity of the injury, brain scan pathology, and possibly the development of DI, SIADH, or CSWS in the acute post-traumatic phase.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- diabetes insipidus etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hypogonadismus etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- hypopituitarismus etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- hypothalamické hormony metabolismus MeSH
- hypotyreóza etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský růstový hormon nedostatek MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nemoci hypotalamu etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- předčasná puberta etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- syndrom nepřiměřené sekrece ADH etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie MeSH
- traumatické poranění mozku komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Maladaptive responses to negative affective stimuli are pervasive, including clinically ill and healthy people, and men and women respond differently at neural and hormonal levels. Inspired by the Research Domain Criteria initiative, we used a transdiagnostic approach to investigate the impact of sex and dysphoric mood on neural-hormonal responses to negative affective stimuli. METHODS: Participants included 99 individuals with major depressive disorder, psychosis and healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was complemented with real-time acquisition of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) hormones. fMRI data were analyzed in SPM8 and task-related connectivity was assessed using generalized psychophysiological interaction. RESULTS: Across all participants, elevated cortisol response predicted lower brain activity in orbitofrontal cortex and hypothalamus-amygdala connectivity. In those with worse dysphoric mood, elevated cortisol response predicted lower activity in hypothalamus and hippocampus. In women, elevated cortisol response was associated with lower activity in medial prefrontal cortex and low hypothalamo-hippocampal connectivity. In women with high dysphoric mood, elevated cortisol response was associated with low hypothalamo-hippocampal connectivity. There were no interactions with diagnosis or medication. LIMITATIONS: There was limited power to correct for multiple comparisons across total number of ROIs and connectivity targets; cortisol responses were relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the pathophysiology in neural-hormonal responses to negative affective stimuli is shared across healthy and clinical populations and varies as a function of sex and dysphoric mood. Our findings may contribute to the development of hormonal adjunctive therapeutics that are sex-dependent, underscoring the importance of one's sex to precision medicine.
- MeSH
- afekt fyziologie MeSH
- amygdala patofyziologie MeSH
- depresivní porucha unipolární diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hipokampus patofyziologie MeSH
- hydrokortison fyziologie MeSH
- hypothalamus patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra patofyziologie MeSH
- psychotické poruchy diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- sexuální faktory * MeSH
- systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie MeSH
- systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
