Při registraci biocidního či repelentního přípravku v Evropské Unii a Spojených státech amerických je nutné předložit test účinnosti v souladu s nařízením a metodikou Evropské agentury pro chemické látky a Agentury pro ochranu životního prostředí. Přestože se nymfy a samice klíšťat výrazně liší z behaviorálního i morfologického hlediska, obě výše uvedené instituce ve svých metodikách povolují použít pro laboratorní testy nymfy a (nebo) samice. V tomto článku přinášíme důkaz o rozdílech mezi těmito stádii klíštěte Ixodes ricinus v mobilitě (P < 0,05) a senzitivitě k repelentu DEET (P < 0,0001). Tato studie tedy ukazuje, že výběr stádia pro testování může ovlivnit výsledky testu, přestože budou testy účinnosti provedeny v souladu s doporučenou metodikou.
In the European Union and United States of America, the efficacy of a biocide or repellent coming onto the market has to be evaluated according to the guidelines of the European Chemical Agency and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Despite the obvious differences in morphology and behaviour, both these guidelines allow the use of nymph or adult female ticks for laboratory testing. Here, we provide evidence that sensitivity of Ixodes ricinus nymphs to diethyltoluamide (DEET) within the in-vitro trial was significantly higher compared to adult females (P < 0.0001). We also observed that feral ticks were less sensitive to the repellent than were laboratory-reared ticks (P < 0.01) and that mobility decreased when the trial was repeated (P < 0.05). This study has shown that the efficacy testing results may vary significantly between the two developmental stages even when the protocol is conducted in accordance with the guidelines.
V této studii jsme zhodnotili a porovnali repelentní účinek tří esenciálních olejů, které jsou často považovány zašetrnou a ekologickou alternativu k syntetickým repelentům. Jejich účinnost na klíště obecné (Ixodesricinus) je ale negativně ovlivněna vysokou těkavostí. Účinnost jsme porovnali se syntetickým repelentem DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamid). Repelentní účinek byl zjištěn u všech testovaných látek, ale v průběhu pokusu se účinekukázal jako časově nestabilní. 5 minut po aplikaci se repelentní efekt pohyboval v rozmezí 65–85 %, po 80 mi-nutách, kdy byl pokus ukončen, byla repelence levandulového oleje 45 % a eukalyptového oleje 15 %. Pomerančový esenciální olej byl proti klíšťatům neúčinný již po 20 minutách od aplikace. Naopak účinek syntetického DEETu byl po celou dobu studie vysoký (95–100 %). V případě levandulového esenciálního oleje se ukázalo, že může být považován za vhodný repelent pro pobyt v terénu trvající kratší dobu.
This study evaluated the repellent effect of three essential oils against females of Ixodes ricinus, which is consider-ed the main arthropod disease vector in Europe. The essential oils could be regarded to be ecological and healthyalternatives to synthetic repellents, whose effect is unfortunately negatively influenced by high volatility. Asa comparison sample, 10% DEET was used. The tested essential oils exhibited a moderate to high initial repellen-cy of 65%–85% five minutes after application. The bioassay was terminated after 80 min, when the repellent effects of lavender and eucalyptus oils were 45% and 15%, respectively. No effect of orange oil was observed aftera 20-min mark. Conversely, the effect of DEET was determined to be high and stable (95–100%) throughout the experiment. This study found that the oils tested are not as effective as DEET. On the other hand, lavender oil has shown an interesting potential as an alternative repellent for outdoor activities of shorter duration.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents standards therapeutic use MeSH
- Bordetella pertussis isolation & purification drug effects MeSH
- Chemical Actions and Uses MeSH
- Culex classification microbiology growth & development MeSH
- Disinfection * trends legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Disinfectants classification therapeutic use MeSH
- Insect Control methods MeSH
- Ixodes MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mosquito Control methods statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Insect Repellents classification therapeutic use MeSH
- Bedbugs MeSH
- Sterilization * instrumentation trends legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Ebolavirus MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) represent a huge threat for millions of humans and animals worldwide, since they act as vectors for important parasites and pathogens, including malaria, filariasis and important arboviruses, such as dengue, West Nile and Zika virus. No vaccines or other specific treatments are available against the arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes, and avoidance of mosquito bites remains the best strategy. African regions are usually hit most whose inhabitants are poor, and the use of repellent plants is the only efficient protection against vectors they have. Ethnobotanical knowledge of such plants and their use is usually passed on orally from one generation to another. However, it is also important to preserve this information in a written form, as well. Ethnobotanical research projects carried out in the regions of today's Ethiopia, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and Tanzania indicate that the native inhabitants of the African study regions traditionally use 64 plant species, belonging to 30 families. Aromatic plants (i.e., Citrus spp., Eucalyptus spp., Lantana camara, Ocimum spp. and Lippia javanica) the most commonly used in all the study regions. Native people know three major methods of using repellent plants: (i) production of repellent smoke from burning plants, (ii) hanging plants inside the house or sprinkling leaves on the floor, (iii) the use of plant oils, juices from crushed fresh parts of the plants, or various prepared extracts applied on uncovered body parts. Overall, this review covers studies conducted only in a limited part of the African continent, highlighting the importance to undertake further research efforts to preserve the unique knowledge and traditions of the native tribes.
- MeSH
- Culicidae * MeSH
- Ethnobotany MeSH
- Insect Vectors * MeSH
- Mosquito Nets MeSH
- Insect Repellents classification MeSH
- Plant Extracts MeSH
- Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ethnology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- Africa MeSH
- Keywords
- Bio Anti Mosquito sprej,
- MeSH
- Culex parasitology pathogenicity drug effects MeSH
- Insect Bites and Stings complications prevention & control MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Oils, Volatile therapeutic use MeSH
- Piperidines administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Insect Repellents administration & dosage classification therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Autor přináší informace o vzniku, léčbě i prevenci malárie. Jsou důležité nejen proto, že i v souvislosti s nárůstem cestování přibývá případů onemocnění, ale i odborníci upozorňují na reálnou možnost výskytu zdroje této nemoci - prvoků rodu Plasmodium a infikovaných přenašečů, komárů.
The author provides information on etiology, treatment and prevention of malaria. The information is important as there is an increased incidence of the malaria cases associated with traveling. The professionals warn that the causative agent - Plasmodium, can infect mosquitos that can then carry the disease.
