Nonsense mutations turn a coding (sense) codon into an in-frame stop codon that is assumed to result in a truncated protein product. Thus, nonsense substitutions are the hallmark of pseudogenes and are used to identify them. Here we show that in-frame stop codons within bacterial protein-coding genes are widespread. Their evolutionary conservation suggests that many of them are not pseudogenes, since they maintain dN/dS values (ratios of substitution rates at non-synonymous and synonymous sites) significantly lower than 1 (this is a signature of purifying selection in protein-coding regions). We also found that double substitutions in codons-where an intermediate step is a nonsense substitution-show a higher rate of evolution compared to null models, indicating that a stop codon was introduced and then changed back to sense via positive selection. This further supports the notion that nonsense substitutions in bacteria are relatively common and do not necessarily cause pseudogenization. In-frame stop codons may be an important mechanism of regulation: Such codons are likely to cause a substantial decrease of protein expression levels.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• bodová mutace MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• modely genetické MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• nesmyslný kodon * MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce genetika   MeSH
• prokaryotické buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• pseudogeny genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční homologie nukleových kyselin MeSH
• selekce (genetika) MeSH
• terminační kodon genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In this work, we studied the biochemical properties and evolutionary histories of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), two central enzymes of reactive oxygen species detoxification, across the highly diverse clade Eugenozoa. This clade encompasses free-living phototrophic and heterotrophic flagellates, as well as obligate parasites of insects, vertebrates, and plants. We present evidence of several independent acquisitions of CAT by horizontal gene transfers and evolutionary novelties associated with the APX presence. We posit that Euglenozoa recruit these detoxifying enzymes for specific molecular tasks, such as photosynthesis in euglenids and membrane-bound peroxidase activity in kinetoplastids and some diplonemids.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH