OBJECTIVES: The development of External Quality Assessment Schemes (EQAS) for clinical flow cytometry (FCM) is challenging in the context of rare (immunological) diseases. Here, we introduce a novel EQAS monitoring the primary immunodeficiency Orientation Tube (PIDOT), developed by EuroFlow, in both a 'wet' and 'dry' format. This EQAS provides feedback on the quality of individual laboratories (i.e., accuracy, reproducibility and result interpretation), while eliminating the need for sample distribution. METHODS: In the wet format, marker staining intensities (MedFIs) within landmark cell populations in PIDOT analysis performed on locally collected healthy control (HC) samples, were compared to EQAS targets. In the dry format, participants analyzed centrally distributed PIDOT flow cytometry data (n=10). RESULTS: We report the results of six EQAS rounds across 20 laboratories in 11 countries. The wet format (212 HC samples) demonstrated consistent technical performance among laboratories (median %rCV on MedFIs=34.5 %; average failure rate 17.3 %) and showed improvement upon repeated participation. The dry format demonstrated effective proficiency of participants in cell count enumeration (range %rCVs 3.1-7.1 % for the major lymphoid subsets), and in identifying lymphoid abnormalities (79.3 % alignment with reference). CONCLUSIONS: The PIDOT-EQAS allows laboratories, adhering to the standardized EuroFlow approach, to monitor interlaboratory variations without the need for sample distribution, and provides them educational support to recognize rare clinically relevant immunophenotypic patterns of primary immunodeficiencies (PID). This EQAS contributes to quality improvement of PID diagnostics and can serve as an example for future flow cytometry EQAS in the context of rare diseases.
Our aim is to determine the number of leukocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and the expression of activation markers CD200 and CD23 on B lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients (treated and not treated with dupilumab) during the pollen season. We examined 29 patients not treated with dupilumab, 24 patients treated with dupilumab and 40 healthy subjects as a control group. The count of T and B lymphocytes and their subsets were assessed by flow cytometry. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-factor analysis of variance with post hoc by Dunn's test with Bonferroni's modification was used for statistical processing. Although there was a significant improvement in skin findings in patients treated with dupilumab, the changes in immunological profile show a persistent altered immune response characterized by dysregulation and overactivation of B lymphocytes. Dupilumab therapy leads to normalization of relative T regulatory lymphocytes and total memory B lymphocytes and to decreased count of absolute CD8+ T lymphocytes. Why carry out this study?Studies investigating the immunological profile of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients during the pollen season are rare. There are no studies investigating the count of B lymphocytes (CD5+, CD22+ and CD73+ B lymphocytes) and the expression of activation markers CD23 and CD200 on B lymphocytes and on their subsets during pollen season in AD patients treated and non-treated with dupilumab therapy.What was learned from the study?In atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with and without dupilumab therapy, we confirmed the significantly higher count of absolute neutrophils, absolute monocytes, absolute eosinophils, absolute basophils, non-switched B lymphocytes, transitional B lymphocytes, CD23 memory, naive, non-switched, switched and total CD23 B lymphocytes, the relative count of CD200 memory and CD200 switched B lymphocytes.In dupilumab treated patients, we confirmed the significantly higher count of relative eosinophils, relative CD16+ eosinophils, relative CD200 non-switched B lymphocytes and lower count of absolute CD8+ T lymphocytes. Further studies should focus on investigating the effect of dupilumab on CD8+ T lymphocytes and their subpopulations.In patients without dupilumab therapy, we confirmed the significantly higher count of relative neutrophils, relative T regulatory lymphocytes and total memory B lymphocytes.The changes in the count of CD5+, CD22+ and CD73+ B lymphocytes were not observed during pollen season in both groups of AD patients.
- MeSH
- Dermatitis, Atopic * drug therapy immunology MeSH
- B-Lymphocytes immunology MeSH
- Antigens, CD MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized * therapeutic use MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Pollen immunology MeSH
- Receptors, IgE MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was the assessment of adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in a population of people living with HIV (PWH), improving the awareness of PWH, drawing attention to the risk of developing HIV drug resistance and subsequent treatment failure. METHODS: The basic cohort consisted of PWH followed up long-term at the HIV centre of the University Hospital Pilsen. Adherence to treatment was assessed by ARV levels. Nucleoside analogs were determined in urine by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), in relation to clinical data, viral load (HIV RNA), and absolute CD4 and CD8 T cell counts. To assess mental and physical state of the patients, a modified SF-36 questionnaire was used to measure social relationships, education and ability to relax. RESULTS: From a group of 131 PWH, 18 (13.7%) with zero levels and 113 (86.3%) with any detectable ARV levels were followed for 6-12 months. A statistically significant lower viral load was demonstrated in patients who adhered to the treatment at the time of the test as indicated by ARV levels in the urine. CD4 T lymphocyte values in adherent patients were, as expected, statistically significantly higher. A significant difference for CD8 T lymphocyte was not demonstrated. A survey assessed subjective factors influencing the degree of adherence. PWH consider important: quality care enabling trust, low risk of developing opportunistic infections, self-sufficiency, quality of sleep, managing leisure activities, and good family relationships. Quality of life evaluation and satisfaction in the monitored areas were similar in both groups of PWH. CONCLUSIONS: Non-adherence leads to deterioration of CD4 and viral load levels and may be the cause of the development of HIV drug resistance and treatment failure on the part of the patient. PWH with zero or low urinary nucleoside levels were repeatedly instructed about the need for regular and sustained medication use. Regular checks with a laboratory examination service are needed to detect early emergence of resistance and side effects of the treatment, which are initially only detectable in the laboratory.
- MeSH
- Medication Adherence * psychology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- HIV Infections * drug therapy psychology MeSH
- Cohort Studies MeSH
- Quality of Life * MeSH
- Anti-HIV Agents * therapeutic use urine MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count MeSH
- Viral Load MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Úvod: V důsledku metabolických dějů dochází v živých strukturách k endogenní produkci chemiluminiscence, kterou také označujeme jako biologickou autochemiluminiscenci (BAL). Generování BAL je úzce spojeno s oxidačními procesy, tvorbou volných radikálů a obecně oxidačně-redukční homeostázou zkoumaného biologického materiálu. BAL byla již dříve studována v savčích buněčných modelech a tkáních. Doposud ovšem nebyl tento jev popsán v případě struktur zubní tkáně. Kromě endogenně generované BAL lze BAL indukovat i exogenně, a to jak fyzikálními (UV záření, mechanické poškození, teplo), tak i chemickými (oxidační činidla, např. H2O2) a biotickými (patogeny) faktory. Metodika: V předložené práci byla zkoumána endogenně produkovaná i exogenně indukovaná BAL v povrchových a vnitřních strukturách semiretinovaných a retinovaných třetích molárů, které byly indikovány k extrakci zubním lékařem pro jejich nevhodné uložení v čelisti u dvou pacientů (žena, 21 let, muž, 22 let). Detekce BAL byla provedena po mechanickém odstranění zubního plaku rotačním kartáčkem. Pomocí piezoelektrické pily byly připraveny podélné řezy vedené tak, aby došlo k odhalení všech vnitřních částí zubu. Takto připravené vzorky – celého vnitřního řezu a vnější části celého zubu – byly podrobeny detekci BAL ve světlotěsné komoře za použití fotonásobičového modulu. Následně byly vzorky ošetřeny roztokem oxidačního činidla 3% H2O2 a redukčního činidla 10 mM TCEP (tris(karboxyethyl)fosfin). Výsledky: U obou vzorků zubu bylo prokázáno, že produkují BAL. Produkce endogenní chemiluminiscence byla pozorována ve vnitřních strukturách zubu (18 600 pulzů/600 s), která byla přibližně 2,7krát vyšší než BAL detekovaná na povrchových strukturách zubu (6 900 pulzů/600 s). Po ošetření H2O2 došlo k významnému (až 14násobnému) nárůstu BAL pro vnitřní struktury zubu ve srovnání s bazální intenzitou endogenně produkované BAL. Aplikace TCEP (negativní kontrola) vedla k mírnému potlačení produkce BAL. Závěr: Výsledky této pilotní studie ukazují, že BAL může být produkována nejenom měkkými tkáněmi, ale i tvrdou zubní tkání. Získané výsledky by mohly být využity k výzkumu metabolické aktivity a reaktivity vnitřních i vnějších částí zubu, a to především v kontextu výzkumu oxidačněredukční homeostázy. Detekce BAL by také mohla být aplikována pro vývoj nových zobrazovacích technik.
Introduction: As a result of metabolic processes, the endogenous production of chemiluminescence occurs in living biological structures, which we also refer to as biological autochemiluminescence (BAL). The generation of BAL is closely connected with oxidation processes, the formation of free radicals, and in general the redox homeostasis of the investigated biological material. BAL has previously been studied in mammalian cells and tissues. So far, however, this phenomenon has not been described in dental tissue structures. In addition to endogenously generated BAL, BAL can be exogenously induced by physical (UV radiation, mechanical damage, heat), chemical (oxidizing agents, e.g. H2O2) or biotic (pathogens) factors. Methods: Endogenously and exogenously induced BAL were investigated on the surface and internal structures of semi-impacted and impacted third molars, which were indicated for extraction by a dentist due to their inappropriate placement in the jaw in two patients (a 21-year-old woman and a 22-year-old man). BAL detection was performed with samples after dental plaque was mechanically removed with a rotating brush. Using a piezosurgery unit with a saw headpiece, longitudinal sections were made to reveal all internal parts of the tooth. The samples prepared in this way – the entire internal section and the external part of the entire tooth – were subjected to BAL detection in a dark chamber using H7360-01 PMT photomultiplier. Subsequently, the samples were treated with a solution of the oxidizing agent 3% H2O2 or the reducing agent 10 mM TCEP (tris(carboxyethyl)phosphine). Results: Both tooth samples were shown to produce BAL. Endogenous chemiluminescence production was observed in the internal structures of the tooth (18,600 counts/600 s), which was 2.7-fold higher than the BAL detected on the tooth outer surfaces (6,900 counts/600 s). After H2O2 treatment, there was a significant (up to 14-fold) increase in BAL for internal tooth structures compared to the basal intensity of endogenously produced BAL. The application of TCEP (negative control) resulted in a residual suppression of BAL production. Conclusion: The results of this pilot study show that BAL can be produced not only by soft tissues but also by hard dental tissue. The obtained results could be used for further research of the metabolic activity and reactivity of the inner and outer parts of the tooth, especially in the context of redox biology research. BAL detection could also be applied in the development of new imaging techniques.
Berberine (BBR), a small molecule protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid, is easy to cross the blood-brain barrier and is a potential drug for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored the role and molecular mechanism of BBR in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to determine AD pathology-associated gene modules and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also identified. GO and KEGG analyses were performed for gene function and signaling pathway annotation. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was applied to analyze cell viability. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining assay was conducted to measure the levels of polarization markers. The production of inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected using a ROS detection kit and a MMP Detection Kit (JC-1), respectively. AD pathology-associated DEGs were applied for GO function annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, and the results uncovered that AD pathology was related to immune and inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induced the M1 phenotype of microglia, and BBR suppressed LPS-induced M1 polarization and induced microglia toward M2 polarization. Through co-culture of microglia and neuronal cells, we found that BBR exerted a neuro-protective role by attenuating the injury of LPS-induced HMC3 on SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanically, BBR switched the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia by activating PI3K-AKT signaling. In summary, BBR protected neuronal cells from activated microglia-mediated neuro-inflammation by switching the M1/M2 polarization in LPS-induced microglia via activating PI3K-AKT signaling. Key words Alzheimer's Disease, Berberine, Microglia polarization, Neuroinflammation, PI3K-AKT signaling.
- MeSH
- Alzheimer Disease * metabolism drug therapy pathology MeSH
- Berberine * pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases * metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microglia * drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Neuroprotective Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Cell Polarity drug effects MeSH
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt * metabolism MeSH
- Signal Transduction * drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Zažívací potíže u dětí jsou velmi často infekčního původu a projevují se většinou jako průjmové onemocnění, méně často pak jako postižení jater. V r. 2023 bylo hlášeno v ČR celkem 37 706 průjmových onemocnění vyvolaných bakteriemi, viry a parazity. Nejčastější jsou kampylobakteriózy, salmonelózy a virové střevní infekce, hlavně rotavirózy a norovirózy. Článek pojednává o etiologii, epidemiologii, klinickém obraze, komplikacích, diagnostice, diferenciální diagnostice a léčbě nejčastějších střevních infekcí u dětí.
Digestive problems in children are very often of infectious origin and manifest themselves mostly as diarrhea, less often as liver damage. In 2023, a total of 37 706 diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites were reported in the Czech Republic. The most common are campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis and viral intestinal infections, mainly rotaviruses and noroviruses. The article discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical picture, complications, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of the most common intestinal infections in children.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH
- Blood Chemical Analysis methods MeSH
- Diagnostic Imaging MeSH
- Diet methods MeSH
- Child * MeSH
- Gastroenteritis * diagnosis etiology drug therapy MeSH
- Campylobacter Infections therapy MeSH
- Blood Cell Count methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Water Microbiology MeSH
- Rehydration Solutions therapeutic use MeSH
- Rotavirus Infections therapy MeSH
- Salmonella Infections therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
Social withdrawal and deficits in social cognition are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While early deficits in social behavior and memory have been documented in mouse AD models, they remain understudied in rat models. Early-stage AD is accompanied by dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, implicating their potential connection to early symptoms. In this study, we employed a 5-trial social memory task to investigate early deficits in social cognition in 6-month-old TgF344-AD male and female rats. We counted the number of PV+ interneurons and recorded local field potentials during social interactions in the hippocampal CA2 - a region critical for social information processing. Our results show decreased social interest and novelty preference in TgF344-AD male and female rats. However, reduced PV+ interneuron numbers were observed only in female rats and specific to the CA2 area. The electrophysiological recordings revealed reduced theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling in the CA2 during direct social interactions. We conclude that deficits in social cognition accompany early-stage AD in TgF344-AD rats and are potentially linked to PV+ interneuron and brain oscillatory dysfunction in the CA2 region of the hippocampus.
- MeSH
- Alzheimer Disease * physiopathology pathology metabolism MeSH
- CA2 Region, Hippocampal * physiopathology metabolism pathology MeSH
- Interneurons * metabolism pathology MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Parvalbumins * metabolism MeSH
- Sex Characteristics MeSH
- Rats, Inbred F344 MeSH
- Rats, Transgenic MeSH
- Social Behavior * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) are rare in adolescent and young adult (AYA). These conditions, similar to those in older patients, are linked with thrombotic complications and the potential progression to secondary myelofibrosis (sMF). This retrospective study of ET and PV patients diagnosed before age 25 evaluated complication rates and impact of cytoreductive drugs on outcomes. Among 348 patients (278 ET, 70 PV) with a median age of 20 years, the of thrombotic events was 1.9 per 100 patient-years. Risk factors for thrombosis included elevated white blood cell count (>11 × 109/L) (HR: 2.7, p = 0.012) and absence of splenomegaly at diagnosis (HR: 5.7, p = 0.026), while cytoreductive drugs did not reduce this risk. The incidence of sMF was 0.7 per 100 patient-years. CALR mutation (HR: 6.0, p < 0.001) and a history of thrombosis (HR: 3.8, p = 0.015) were associated with sMF risk. Interferon as a first-line treatment significantly improved myelofibrosis-free survival compared to other treatments or the absence of cytoreduction (p = 0.046). Although cytoreduction did not affect thrombotic event, early interferon use reduced sMF risk. These findings support interferon use to mitigate sMF risk in AYA ET and PV patients.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Thrombocythemia, Essential * drug therapy complications therapy MeSH
- Calreticulin genetics MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Mutation MeSH
- Follow-Up Studies MeSH
- Polycythemia Vera * drug therapy complications therapy MeSH
- Primary Myelofibrosis etiology epidemiology MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Thrombosis etiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cíl: Správné indikace podání transfuzních přípravků (TP) jsou klíčem k účelné a bezpečné hemoterapii. Cílem této práce bylo zhodnotit indikační kritéria podávání TP, porovnat změny v indikacích TP mezi dvěma obdobími a získat podklady pro zkvalitnění hemoterapie v Krajské nemocnici Liberec, a.s. (KNL). Materiál a metoda: Sledovaným souborem byly všechny TP (erytrocyty, trombocyty, plazma) aplikované v KNL v období od 1. 10. 2020 do 30. 9. 2021 a od 1. 8. 2022 do 31. 7. 2023. Z databáze laboratorního informačního systému byly k jednot- livým TP přiřazeny laboratorní výsledky příjemců TP: hemoglobin (Hb), počet trombocytů a protrombinový čas – poměr (PT-R). Výsledky byly přiřazeny, pokud byly vyšetřeny před výdejem TP do předchozího kalendářního dne, tj. do 48 hodin před výdejem TP. Výsledky: V období 2020/21 bylo 35 % erytrocytů deleukotizovaných (ED) vydáno pacientům s Hb > 80g/l, v období 2022/23 32 % ED. Porovnáním hodnot průměrného Hb nebyl zjištěn statisticky významný rozdíl mezi obdobími (p = 0,61), přístup k indikacím ED se nezměnil. V období 2020/2021 bylo pacientům s počtem trombocytů > 50 × 109/l vydáno 29 % TP trombocytů, v období 2022/2023 16 % TP trombocytů. TP trombocytů byly v období 2022/23 vydávány pacientům s nižším počtem trombocytů než v období 2020/21 (p < 0,001). Zda se jednalo o racionalizaci indikací nebo bylo odlišné složení pacientů, nelze posoudit. V období 2020/2021 bylo pacientům s hodnotou PT-R ≤ 1,5 vydáno 52 % klinické plazmy (P), v období 2022/2023 47 % P. Při porovnání hodnot průměrného PT-R nebyl nalezen statisticky významný rozdíl mezi hodnocenými obdobími (p = 0,45). Závěr: Přístup k indikacím TP erytrocytů stejně jako u klinické plazmy byl konzistentní. U TP plazmy byl v porovnání s lite - raturou uvážlivější přístup v případě hraničních indikací. U TP trombocytů došlo k racionalizaci indikací nebo bylo odlišné složení pacientů. Obecně TP byly indikovány racionálně. S výsledky studie budeme dále pracovat.
Aim: Correct indications of blood components (BC) are the key to effective and safe haemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the indication criteria of BC, to compare the changes in BC indications between two periods and to improve the quality of haemotherapy at the Regional Hospital Liberec, as (KNL). Materials and methods: The study population consisted of all BCs (erythrocytes, platelets, plasma) administered in the KNL in the period from 1 October 2020 to 30 September 2021 and from 1 August 2022 to 31 July 2023. From the database of the laboratory information system, the laboratory results of BC recipients were matched to each BC: haemoglobin (Hb), platelet count, and prothrombin time - ratio (PT-R). These results were matched if they were tested before the administration of the BC within the previous calendar day, i.e., within 48 hours before the issue of the BC. Results: In 2020/21, 35% of red blood cells, leucocyte-depleted in additive solution (ED) were administered to patients with Hb > 80 g/l, and in 2022/23, 32% of ED. Comparison of mean Hb values revealed no statistically significant difference between the periods (p = 0.61), and the approach to ED indications did not change. In 2020/2021, 29% of platelet BCs were administered to patients with platelet counts > 50 × 109/l, and in 2022/2023, 16% of platelet BCs. Platelet BCs were issued to patients with lower platelet counts in 2022/23 than in 2020/21 (p < 0.001). Whether this was a rationalization of indications or a different patient make-up, cannot be assessed. In 2020/2021, 52% of plasma, fresh frozen (P) was administered to patients with a PT-R ≤ 1.5, and in 2022/2023, 47% of P. When comparing mean PT-R values, there was no statistically significant difference between the evaluated periods (p = 0.45). Conclusion: The approach to erythrocyte and plasma BC indications was consistent. A more considered approach was taken for plasma BCs for borderline indications, when compared with the literature. For platelet BCs, indications were rationalized or patient make-up was different. In general, BCs were rationally indicated. We will continue to work with the results of the study.
- MeSH
- Plasma MeSH
- Blood Transfusion methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Blood Component Transfusion * methods MeSH
- Erythrocyte Transfusion methods MeSH
- Platelet Transfusion methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Clinical Study MeSH
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated in vitro antigiardial activity in four Indonesian plants (Archidendron fagifolium, Diospyros sumatrana, Piper betle and Shorea sumatrana) extracted in methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran, and water. These plants exhibiting promising anti-parasitic activity were selected on the basis of collected behavioral data and their ability to decrease parasite load in Sumatran orangutans. Extracts of Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant routinely used as a laboratory model in research, were used as a negative control. METHODS: Plant extracts of different concentrations (400, 100, 25 and 6.25 μg/ml) and metronidazole (100 μg/ml), a standard giardicidal drug, were incubated with 25,000 trophozoites per milliliter of growth medium in 12-well tissue culture plates under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Cultures were counted in a hemocytometer using a light microscope and then statistically evaluated. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined by the MTT Cell Viability Assay. RESULTS: We recorded a statistically-significant decrease in giardia trophozoites in two extracts: the methanolic extract of A. fagifolium (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.013) and the aqueous extract of P. betle (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.002). Effective concentrations of 400 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml, respectively, were revealed. Cytotoxicity was not demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that extracts of A. fagifolium and P. betle have potential as an alternative treatment of G. intestinalis infection. This is the first scientific proof of the biological activity of A. fagifolium, confirming the assumption that orangutans use this plant (as well as P. betle) for self-medication.
- MeSH
- Antiprotozoal Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Giardia lamblia * drug effects MeSH
- Plant Extracts * pharmacology MeSH
- Trophozoites drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Indonesia MeSH
