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Carex buekii is a tall sedge, forming large stands in wetlands, particularly in river floodplains across Central Europe and thus on many sites determining the typical appearance of riverine habitats. Our paper aims at increasing the knowledge on ecology of C. buekii and its role in the wetlands. Field data were collected in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Italy. Carex buekii usually occurs in nutrient rich habitats, but is also capable of colonising relatively nutrient-poor ones; it grows on both acidic and alkaline soils (pH 3.3-7.4) with diverse concentrations of assimilable elements (Ca, Mg, P, K). One of the most important ecological characteristics of C. buekii is its relationship to the floodplains of watercourses. It seems to be dependent on, or at least very tolerant to regular disturbances by streaming, floods and transport of sediments. Carex buekii usually forms relatively uniform stands of its own association, Caricetum buekii. The species most frequently accompanying C. buekii are Urtica dioica, Calystegia sepium, Galium aparine, Rubus caesius, Phalaris arundinacea, and Cirsium arvense. The sedge also occurs in the understorey of forests with e.g. Alnus glutinosa, Salix fragilis, Padus avium, and Quercus robur. Carex buekii is able to colonise man-made or man-changed habitats such as railway embankments and roadsides or regulated river banks. Taking into account the IUCN Red List Criteria we propose to regard C. buekii as a least-concern (LC).
- MeSH
- Carex (rostlina) růst a vývoj MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- mokřady MeSH
- šáchorovité MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Counting chromosomes is the first step towards a better understanding of the karyotype evolution and the role of chromosome evolution in species diversification within Carex; however, the chromosome count is not known yet for numerous sedges. In this paper chromosome counts were performed for 23 Carex taxa from Armenia, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Chromosome numbers were determined for the first time in three species (Carex cilicica, 2n = 54; C. phyllostachys, 2n = 56; C. randalpina, 2n = 78), two subspecies (C. muricata subsp. ashokae, 2n = 58; C. nigra subsp. transcaucasica, 2n = 84) and two hybrids (C. ×decolorans, 2n = 74; C. ×walasii, 2n = 108). Among the taxa whose number of chromosomes had been known before, the largest difference was found in C. hartmaniorum (here 2n = 52) and C. aterrima subsp. medwedewii (here 2n = 52). A difference in the chromosome count was demonstrated for C. cilicica (2n = 54) versus the species of the section Aulocystis (2n = 30 to 40) and for C. tomentosa (2n = 48) versus the species of the section Acrocystis (2n = 18 to 38). The results of this study indicate that the position of C. cilicica in Aulocystis section may raise doubts. Attention was paid to the relationship between C. phyllostachys and taxa of the subgenus Carex section Gynobasidae.
- MeSH
- Carex (rostlina) klasifikace genetika MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Arménie MeSH
- Česká republika MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- Rakousko MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The genus Carex exhibits karyological peculiarities related to holocentrism, specifically extremely broad and almost continual variation in chromosome number. However, the effect of these peculiarities on the evolution of the genome (genome size, base composition) remains unknown. While in monocentrics, determining the arithmetic relationship between the chromosome numbers of related species is usually sufficient for the detection of particular modes of karyotype evolution (i.e. polyploidy and dysploidy), in holocentrics where chromosomal fission and fusion occur such detection requires knowledge of the DNA content. METHODS: The genome size and GC content were estimated in 157 taxa using flow cytometry. The exact chromosome numbers were known for 96 measured samples and were taken from the available literature for other taxa. All relationships were tested in a phylogenetic framework using the ITS tree of 105 species. KEY RESULTS: The 1C genome size varied between 0·24 and 1·64 pg in Carex secalina and C. cuspidata, respectively. The genomic GC content varied from 34·8 % to 40·6 % from C. secalina to C. firma. Both genomic parameters were positively correlated. Seven polyploid and two potentially polyploid taxa were detected in the core Carex clade. A strong negative correlation between genome size and chromosome number was documented in non-polyploid taxa. Non-polyploid taxa of the core Carex clade exhibited a higher rate of genome-size evolution compared with the Vignea clade. Three dioecious taxa exhibited larger genomes, larger chromosomes, and a higher GC content than their hermaphrodite relatives. CONCLUSIONS: Genomes of Carex are relatively small and very GC-poor compared with other angiosperms. We conclude that the evolution of genome and karyotype in Carex is promoted by frequent chromosomal fissions/fusions, rare polyploidy and common repetitive DNA proliferation/removal.
- MeSH
- Carex (rostlina) genetika MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- délka genomu genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom rostlinný genetika MeSH
- Markovovy řetězce MeSH
- metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- polyploidie MeSH
- zastoupení bazí genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Holocentric chromosomes lack a primary constriction, in contrast to monocentrics. They form kinetochores distributed along almost the entire poleward surface of the chromatids, to which spindle fibers attach. No centromere-specific DNA sequence has been found for any holocentric organism studied so far. It was proposed that centromeric repeats, typical for many monocentric species, could not occur in holocentrics, most likely because of differences in the centromere organization. Here we show that the holokinetic centromeres of the Cyperaceae Rhynchospora pubera are highly enriched by a centromeric histone H3 variant-interacting centromere-specific satellite family designated "Tyba" and by centromeric retrotransposons (i.e., CRRh) occurring as genome-wide interspersed arrays. Centromeric arrays vary in length from 3 to 16 kb and are intermingled with gene-coding sequences and transposable elements. We show that holocentromeres of metaphase chromosomes are composed of multiple centromeric units rather than possessing a diffuse organization, thus favoring the polycentric model. A cell-cycle-dependent shuffling of multiple centromeric units results in the formation of functional (poly)centromeres during mitosis. The genome-wide distribution of centromeric repeat arrays interspersing the euchromatin provides a previously unidentified type of centromeric chromatin organization among eukaryotes. Thus, different types of holocentromeres exist in different species, namely with and without centromeric repetitive sequences.
Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) are an environmentally significant group of microorganisms due to their role in the global carbon cycle. Research conducted over the past few decades has increased the interest in discovering novel genera of methane-degrading bacteria, which efficiently utilize methane and decrease the global warming effect. Moreover, methanotrophs have more promising applications in environmental bioengineering, biotechnology, and pharmacy. The investigations were undertaken to recognize the variety of endophytic methanotrophic bacteria associated with Carex nigra, Vaccinium oxycoccus, and Eriophorum vaginatum originating from Moszne peatland (East Poland). Methanotrophic bacteria were isolated from plants by adding sterile fragments of different parts of plants (roots and stems) to agar mineral medium (nitrate mineral salts (NMS)) and incubated at different methane values (1-20% CH4). Single colonies were streaked on new NMS agar media and, after incubation, transferred to liquid NMS medium. Bacterial growth dynamics in the culture solution was studied by optical density-OD600 and methane consumption. Changes in the methane concentration during incubation were controlled by the gas chromatography technique. Characterization of methanotrophs was made by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with Mg705 and Mg84 for type I methanotrophs and Ma450 for type II methanotrophs. Identification of endophytes was performed after 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and mmoX gene amplification. Our study confirmed the presence of both types of methanotrophic bacteria (types I and II) with the predominance of type I methanotrophs. Among cultivable methanotrophs, there were different strains of the genus Methylomonas and Methylosinus. Furthermore, we determined the potential of the examined bacteria for methane oxidation, which ranged from 0.463 ± 0.067 to 5.928 ± 0.169 μmol/L CH4/mL/day.
- MeSH
- bakteriologické techniky MeSH
- chromatografie plynová MeSH
- DNA bakterií chemie genetika MeSH
- endofyty klasifikace růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- methan metabolismus MeSH
- Methylomonas klasifikace růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Methylosinus klasifikace růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- šáchorovité mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Vaccinium mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
A survey of the ecological variability within 52 populations of Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Soják across its distributional range revealed that it is commonly found in nitrogen (N) limited areas, but rarely in phosphorus limited soils. We explored the hypothesis that S. californicus supplements its nitrogen demand by bacterial N2-fixation processes associated with its roots and rhizomes. We estimated N2-fixation of diazotrophs associated with plant rhizomes and roots from several locations throughout the species' range and conducted an experiment growing plants in zero, low, and high N additions. Nitrogenase activity in rhizomes and roots was measured using the acetylene reduction assay. The presence of diazotrophs was verified by the detection of the nifH gene. Nitrogenase activity was restricted to rhizomes and roots and it was two orders of magnitude higher in the latter plant organs (81 and 2032 nmol C2H4 g DW-1 d-1, respectively). Correspondingly, 40x more nifH gene copies were found on roots compared to rhizomes. The proportion of the nifH gene copies in total bacterial DNA was positively correlated with the nitrogenase activity. In the experiment, the contribution of fixed N to the plant N content ranged from 13.8% to 32.5% among clones from different locations. These are relatively high values for a non-cultivated plant and justify future research on the link between N-fixing bacteria and S. californicus production.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- distribuce rostlin MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- dusík chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fixace dusíku * MeSH
- fosfor chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- mokřady * MeSH
- nitrogenasa metabolismus MeSH
- oddenek metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- šáchorovité metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jižní Amerika MeSH
- Severní Amerika MeSH
Species gain membership of regional assemblages by passing through multiple ecological and environmental filters. To capture the potential trajectory of structural changes in regional meta-communities driven by biological invasions, one can categorize species pools into assemblages of different residence times. Older assemblages, having passed through more environmental filters, should become more functionally ordered and structured. Here we calculate the level of compartmentalization (modularity) for three different-aged assemblages (neophytes, introduced after 1500 AD; archaeophytes, introduced before 1500 AD, and natives), including 2,054 species of vascular plants in 302 reserves in central Europe. Older assemblages are more compartmentalized than younger ones, with species composition, phylogenetic structure and habitat characteristics of the modules becoming increasingly distinctive. This sheds light on two mechanisms of how alien species are functionally incorporated into regional species pools: the settling-down hypothesis of diminishing stochasticity with residence time, and the niche-mosaic hypothesis of inlaid neutral modules in regional meta-communities.
- MeSH
- Asteraceae klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- distribuce rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- fylogeografie MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipnicovité klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- Rosaceae klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- šáchorovité klasifikace fyziologie MeSH
- zavlečené druhy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Satellite DNA is one of the major classes of repetitive DNA, characterized by tandemly arranged repeat copies that form contiguous arrays up to megabases in length. This type of genomic organization makes satellite DNA difficult to assemble, which hampers characterization of satellite sequences by computational analysis of genomic contigs. Here, we present tandem repeat analyzer (TAREAN), a novel computational pipeline that circumvents this problem by detecting satellite repeats directly from unassembled short reads. The pipeline first employs graph-based sequence clustering to identify groups of reads that represent repetitive elements. Putative satellite repeats are subsequently detected by the presence of circular structures in their cluster graphs. Consensus sequences of repeat monomers are then reconstructed from the most frequent k-mers obtained by decomposing read sequences from corresponding clusters. The pipeline performance was successfully validated by analyzing low-pass genome sequencing data from five plant species where satellite DNA was previously experimentally characterized. Moreover, novel satellite repeats were predicted for the genome of Vicia faba and three of these repeats were verified by detecting their sequences on metaphase chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization.
- MeSH
- DNA rostlinná genetika MeSH
- genom rostlinný * MeSH
- hrách setý genetika MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- konsenzuální sekvence MeSH
- kukuřice setá genetika MeSH
- Magnoliopsida genetika MeSH
- mapování chromozomů metody MeSH
- metafáze MeSH
- počítačová grafika MeSH
- šáchorovité genetika MeSH
- satelitní DNA klasifikace genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- software * MeSH
- Vicia faba genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Šáchory (Cyperus L.) jsou jednoleté nebo vytrvalé byliny z čeledi šáchorovitých (Cyperaceae). Rod zahrnuje asi 600 druhů, mezi nimiž najdeme i jedlé a léčivé druhy. Cyperus esculentus je jedlá a léčivá rostlina, široce používaná pro své četné účinkypodporující zdraví, včetně zmírnění pří znaků spojených s neurologickými poruchami. Také Cyperus rotundus se v tradiční medicíně široce používá jako nervové tonikum a sedativum. V extraktech oddenku těchto rostlin bylo objeveno několik bioaktivních látek (například fenolické kyseliny, fenylpropanoidy, terpeny a zejména flavonoidy). Tyto mohou působit jako modulátory funkcí imunitních buněk, proti zánětu a oxidačnímu stresu, ale mají také významné neuroprotektivní účinky, jako jsou neurogeneze a regenerace neuronů, které vedou ke zlepšení výkonu učení a paměti.
Sedges (Cyperus L.) are annual or perennial herbs of the Cyperaceae family. The genus includes about 600 species, including edible and medicinal species. Cyperus esculentus is an edible and medicinal plant, widely used for its numerous health-promoting effects, including alleviating the symptoms associated with neurological disorders. Cyperus rotundus is also widely used in traditional medicine as a nerve tonic and sedative. Several bioactive substances (for example phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, terpenes and especially flavonoids) have been found in the rhizome extracts of these plants. These can act as modulators of immune cell function, against inflammation and oxidative stress, but also have significant neuroprotective effects, such as neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration, which lead to improved learning and memory performance.
