Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, which could be the result of allergy, physical trauma, or invasion by pathogens as Streptococcus uberis. This pathogen is an environmental pathogen associated with subclinical and clinical intramammary infection (IMI) in both lactating and non-lactating cows, which can persist in the udder and cause a chronic infection in the mammary gland. In spite of the important economic losses and increased prevalence caused by S. uberis mastitis, virulence factors involved in bacterial colonization of mammary glands and the pathogenic mechanisms are not yet clear. In the last 30 years, several studies have defined adherence and internalization of S. uberis as the early stages in IMI. S. uberis adheres to and invades into mammary gland cells, and this ability has been observed in in vitro assays. Until now, these abilities have not been determined in vivo challenges since they have been difficult to study. Bacterial surface proteins are able to bind to extracellular matrix protein components such as fibronectin, collagen and laminin, as well as proteins in milk. These proteins play a role in adhesion to host cells and have been denominated microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). This article aims to summarize our current knowledge on the most relevant properties of the potential factors involved in the early pathogenesis of S. uberis mastitis.

• MeSH
• Mastitis, Bovine * pathology   MeSH
• Mammary Glands, Animal microbiology   pathology   MeSH
• Milk chemistry   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Streptococcus physiology   MeSH
• Streptococcal Infections * pathology   veterinary   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

The incidence of milk leakage (ML) after dry-off (DO) and related risk factors was studied in 1,175 dairy cows from 41 commercial herds in 8 European countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. Milk leakage was assessed twice for 30 s each during 3 visits at 20 to 24 h, 30 to 34 h, and 48 to 52 h after DO. Information related to dry-cow management and udder health was collected at herd and cow level, including individual somatic cell count (ISCC) from test-day controls and occurrence of clinical mastitis cases from DO until 30 d in lactation. Mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were used to identify possible risk factors for ML and to study the association between ML and new intramammary infections. Intramammary infections were defined as clinical mastitis cases during the dry period and in the first 30 d in lactation or a rise in ISCC from before to after the dry period (threshold: 200,000 cells/mL) or both. Milk leakage was observed in 24.5% of the cows between 20 and 52 h after DO, where the herd incidence varied between 0.0 and 77.8%. The reduction in number of milkings in the weeks before DO had statistically significant effect on the ML incidence. When the milking frequency was reduced from 3 times/d to 2 or maintained at twice a day, cows had 11 (95% CI = 3.43-35.46) or 9 (95% CI = 1.85-48.22) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows where the milking frequency was reduced from twice to once a day. Also, the milk production 24 h before DO was associated with ML incidence. Hence, cows with a milk production between 13 and 21 L or above 21 L had 2.3 (95% CI = 1.48-3.53) and 3.1 (95% CI = 1.79-5.3) times higher odds of leaking milk, respectively, compared with cows with a milk production below 13 L. A higher ML incidence was present in the group of cows with an average ISCC in the last 3 mo before DO ≥200,000 cells/mL (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.13-2.41) compared with cows with an average ISCC <100,000 cells/mL. Quarters with ML tended to have 2.0 times higher odds of developing clinical mastitis compared with quarters not leaking milk. Cows with ML tended to have 1.5 times higher odds of intramammary infections (i.e., an increase of ISCC or clinical mastitis) compared with cows without ML.

• MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Lactation MeSH
• Mastitis, Bovine epidemiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Mammary Glands, Animal physiopathology   MeSH
• Dairying * MeSH
• Milk cytology   MeSH
• Cattle Diseases epidemiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Cell Count veterinary   MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

Mastitis in dairy cows is generally considered to be the most expensive disease for dairy farmers worldwide. The overuse of antibiotics is a major problem in the treatment of bovine mastitis, and bacteriophage therapy is expected to provide an alternative treatment. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a phage cocktail against mastitis in a mouse model. First, a Staphylococcus aureus strain was isolated from milk samples taken from mastitis cows from dairy farms in Xinjiang, China, and it was designated as Sau-XJ-21. Next, two phages (designated as vBSM-A1 and vBSP-A2) with strong lytic activity against Sau-XJ-21 were isolated from mixed sewage samples collected from three cattle farms in Xinjiang. Phages vBSM-A1 and vBSP-A2 were identified as members of the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families, respectively. The two phages exhibited a wide range of hosts, especially phage vBSM-A1. To evaluate the effectiveness of the two phages in the treatment against mastitis, female lactating mice were used 10-14 days after giving births. The mice were divided into six groups; one group was kept as healthy control, while the remaining five groups were inoculated with the isolated S. aureus strain to induce mastitis. Four hours after bacterial inoculation, mice in these groups were injected with 25 μL phosphate buffer saline (negative control), ceftiofur sodium (positive control), or phage, either individually or as a cocktail. The mice were sacrificed 20 h later, and the mammary glands were removed and subjected to further analysis, including the quantitation of colony-forming units (CFU), plaque-forming units (PFU), and gross macroscopic as well as histopathology observation. Mice with induced mastitis exhibited significantly improved mastitic pathology and decreased bacterial counts after they had been given phage treatments, with the phage cocktail being more superior than either phage alone. Furthermore, the cocktail treatment also maintained the highest intramammary phage titer without spreading systemically. The effectiveness of the phage cocktail was comparable to that produced by ceftiofur sodium. According to the data obtained for the mouse model of mastitis, phage therapy could be considered as an innovative alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bovine mastitis.

• MeSH
• Bacteriophages physiology   MeSH
• Phage Therapy methods   veterinary   MeSH
• Mastitis, Bovine microbiology   therapy   MeSH
• Milk microbiology   MeSH
• Myoviridae physiology   MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Podoviridae physiology   MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Staphylococcal Infections microbiology   veterinary   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus physiology   virology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Mice MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Evaluation Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• China MeSH

Nález pozitivní intramamární uzliny při karcinomu prsu není až tak výjimečný. Podněcuje diskuzi, zda je při negativní axilární sentinelové uzlině nutná exenterace axily či nikoli. U maligního melanomu je pozitivní intramamární uzlina vzácnější, zvláště není-li při předoperační lymfoscintigrafii označena jako sentinelová. Uvádíme kazuistiku ženy s duplicitou maligního melanomu v pravém podžebří a karcinomem v pravém prsu, která měla v intramamární uzlině současně metastázu obojího.

A positive intramammary lymph node in a patient with breast cancer is not such an exceptional finding, but it does provoke discussion whether there is the real necessity of axilla exenteration in a negative axillary sentinel node. A positive intramammary node is rare in malignant melanoma, particularly if the node is not marked as a sentinel node in the preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. Here we present a case history of a woman with a synchronous carcinoma – malignant melanoma under her right ribs and also with carcinoma in her right breast. Simultaneously, metastases from both the melanoma and the carcinoma occur in her intramammary node.

• Keywords
• nádorová duplicita,
• MeSH
• Axilla surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lymphatic Metastasis * diagnosis   pathology   MeSH
• Lymph Nodes pathology   MeSH
• Lymphoscintigraphy MeSH
• Melanoma diagnosis   secondary   MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms diagnosis   secondary   MeSH
• Breast surgery   diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Sentinel Lymph Node diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Cílem studie bylo vyvinout nový intramamární kombinovaný přípravek pro veterinární užití založený na citrátu stříbrném, argininu a dexpanthenolu pro léčbu a profylaxi subklinické mastitidy u skotu. Při vytváření kombinovaných léků pro veterinární užití musí být věnována pozornost faktorům ovlivňujícím jejich stabilitu v dané kombinaci, celkovému složení přípravku a technologii přípravy. V této studii byla provedena kvalitativní a kvantitativní kontrola modelových směsí účinných látek, stejně jako kombinovaného přípravku na bázi citrátu stříbrného. Byly studovány následující parametry definující stabilitu intramamarního přípravku: čirost, pH, kvantitativní obsah účinné složky. Na základě experimentálních studií byly pro nový přípravek stanoveny optimální limity pH v rozmezí od 6,4 do 6,7, při kterých jsou roztoky založené na citrátu stříbrném stabilní. Z tohoto důvodu byly studie stabilizace přípravku provedeny při daných hodnotách pH. Stabilitu přípravku se podařilo dosáhnout použitím povidonu, který vykazuje stabilizační vlastnosti. Bylo stanoveno množství argininu, které poskytuje optimální hladinu pH pro zvolenou kombinaci účinných složek. Závěrem lze říci, že bylo vyvinuto optimální složení intramamarního přípravku pro použití v oblasti veterinárního lékařství adjustovaného v 10 ml ampulích s dobou použitelnosti 6 měsíců.

The goal of the present study was to develop a new intramammary combination preparation for veterinary use based on silver citrate, arginine and dexpanthenol for the treatment and prophylaxis of subclinical mastitis in cattle. When creating combined medicines for veterinary use, attention must be paid to the factors that influence their stability in a combined presence, and the composition of drugs, as well as the technology for their preparation should be determined. In the current study, a qualitative and quantitative control of model mixtures of active ingredients, as well as of a silver citrate-based combined preparation was carried out. The following parameters that define intramammary drug stability were studied: clarity, pH, and the quantitative content of the active ingredient. Based on the experimental studies, optimal pH limits for a new preparation were determined ranging from 6.4 to 6.7. Considering the instability of solutions based on silver citrate, studies on the stabilization of the preparation were conducted at the obtained pH values. As the result, we used povidone, which possessed the stabilizing properties. The amount of arginine that provides the optimum pH level for the selected combination of active ingredients was also determined. In conclusion, the optimal composition of an intramammary preparation for veterinary medicine in 10 ml ampoules with a shelf life of 6 months was developed.

• Keywords
• intramamární léková forma,
• MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Arginine MeSH
• Citrates MeSH
• Drug Combinations MeSH
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
• Pantothenic Acid analogs & derivatives   MeSH
• Pharmaceutical Solutions * chemistry   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Mastitis, Bovine * etiology   drug therapy   microbiology   MeSH
• Mammary Glands, Animal microbiology   physiopathology   drug effects   MeSH
• Excipients MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Silver Compounds pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Drug Stability * MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms pathology   MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• gynekologie a porodnictví
• onkologie
• patologie
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli bovine isolates on a conventional dairy cattle farm with high consumption of parenteral and intramammary cephalosporins (farm A) and on an organic dairy farm with no cephalosporin use (farm B). ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from rectal swabs and milk filters by selective cultivation on MacConkey agar with cefotaxime (2mg/l). ESBL genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, and the genetic diversity of the isolates was determined by XbaI pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Conjugative transfer, incompatibility group, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of the ESBL-carrying plasmids were studied. Higher prevalence (39%, n(rectal samples in cows)=309) of CTX-M-1-producing E. coli isolates was found on farm A compared to farm B (<1%, n(rectal samples in cows)=154; 0%, n(rectal samples in calves)=46). Using PFGE, the isolates from farm A were divided into nine pulsotypes. In all ESBL-positive isolates, the bla(CTX-M-1) gene was carried on 40 kb IncN conjugative plasmids of three related HincII restriction profiles. Horizontal gene transfer through transmission of IncN plasmids harboring bla(CTX-M-1) as well as clonal dissemination of a particular clone seems to be involved in dissemination of CTX-M-1-producing E. coli isolates in cows on the farm using cephalosporins in treating bacterial infections. The study demonstrates a possible role of cephalosporin use in the widespread occurrence of CTX-M-1-producing E. coli on the conventional dairy cattle farm compared to the organic farm.

• MeSH
• beta-Lactamases genetics   MeSH
• Cephalosporins pharmacology   MeSH
• DNA, Bacterial genetics   MeSH
• Escherichia coli classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Escherichia coli Infections microbiology   veterinary   MeSH
• Cattle Diseases microbiology   MeSH
• Plasmids genetics   MeSH
• Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
• Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length MeSH
• Gene Transfer, Horizontal MeSH
• Escherichia coli Proteins genetics   MeSH
• Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field MeSH
• Cephalosporin Resistance MeSH
• Cattle microbiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle microbiology   MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

This work characterizes macrophage morphological features during initiation and resolution of an inflammatory response by the bovine mammary gland. The study has been carried out in 20 mammary glands of five virgin heifers by using light microscopy of natural and stained cells and by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The inflammatory reaction was induced by an intramammary administration of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). It has been found that both the initial as well as the resolution phases of the inflammatory reaction are characteristic of the presence of various morphologically different macrophage forms. During the initial phase of the inflammatory response, the major proportion of the macrophage population consisted of monocyte-like macrophages, which represented newly migrated cells. These macrophages were 12-15 mum in size, with spherical or ovoidal shapes, and contained homogenous, fine-granular cytoplasm rich in Golgi complexes, numerous mitochondria, and no lysosomes. The nuclei of the macrophages were kidney-shaped, and surrounded by dark chromatin along the peripheries. Macrophages with phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils in the cytoplasm were detected already during the initial phase. These macrophages reached the highest proportion 48-72 h after the influx induction and participated in the resolution of the inflammatory reaction. Other cells, also detected during the resolution of the inflammatory reaction, were vacuolized macrophages that formed the largest cells in the lavages of the mammary glands and that were structurally characteristic for the presence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In TEM the macrophage vacuoles formed both phagolysosomes with residues of pre-digested material of phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils and vacuoles that were less electon-dense. Morphologically different forms of macrophages reflected their real-time functions in the inflammation process.

• MeSH
• Phagocytes ultrastructure   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Macrophages ultrastructure   MeSH
• Microscopy veterinary   MeSH
• Mammary Glands, Animal immunology   pathology   MeSH
• Cattle Diseases pathology   MeSH
• Neutrophils ultrastructure   MeSH
• Cattle MeSH
• Microscopy, Electron, Transmission veterinary   MeSH
• Inflammation pathology   veterinary   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Cattle MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH

• MeSH
• Anatomy MeSH
• Histology MeSH
• Genital Neoplasms, Female pathology   MeSH
• Breast Diseases pathology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Handbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Anatomie člověka a srovnávací anatomie
• NML Fields
• anatomie
• histologie
• patologie
• gynekologie a porodnictví
• NML Publication type
• učebnice vysokých škol
• kolektivní monografie