Invasive sampling
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Článek se zabývá popisem a kritickým hodnocením vývoje přístrojové techniky pro semiinvazivní a neinvazivní stanovení glukózy v letech 1996 až 2001. Jsou uvedeny techniky odběru vzorku a vysvětleny principy optických a elektrochemických měřících metod používaných v prototypech přístrojů. Zatím nelze doporučit neinvazivní nebo minimálně invazivní metody analýzy glukózy jako náhradu monitorování krevní glukózy pacientem či biochemickou laboratoří.
The paper deals with description and critical evaluation of the instrumentation trends towards semiinvasive and non-invasive glucose determination from 1996 to 2001. The sample collection modes are mentioned and the principles of optical and electrochemical measuring methods used in prototypes of instruments are explained. The use of non-invasive or minimal invasive glucose analysis methods instead of blood glucose monitoring by the patient or the biochemical lab cannot be recommended yet.
Cíl studie: Ověřit efektivitu screeningu I. trimestru (FTS), věk a další faktory jako indikace k invazivnímu vyšetření. Metodika: Retrospektivní analýza indikací k invazivnímu vyšetření a posouzení jejich efektivity ve skupině žen, které v našem centru podstoupily screening I. trimestru. Těmto ženám byl nabídnut kombinovaný screeningový program, tzn. kombinace ultrazvukového vyšetření a biochemických markerů. Invazivní vyšetření a genetická konzultace byly nabídnuty ženám, u nichž výsledné riziko pro trizomii 21, 18 a 13 bylo vyšší než 1 : 300 nebo ženám ve věku nad 35 let, což je v České republice stále platná indikace ke stanovení karyotypu plodu z plodové vody nebo choriových klků. Výsledky: Screening I. trimestru podstoupilo celkem 1700 žen. Z nich 291 mělo víc než 35 let a pouze u 24 z nich bylo riziko vyšší než 1 : 300. Senzitivita záchytu trizomie 21, 18 a 13 byla 100 % (16 případů) s falešnou pozitivitou 4,6 %. Z celého počtu vyšetřených pacientek mělo 79 výsledné riziko vyšší než 1 : 300. Celkový počet provedených invazivních vyšetření byl 150. Amniocentéza byla provedena v 88 případech, z nichž 27 bylo provedeno na základě pozitivního výsledku screeningu s nálezem 3 případů aneuploidie, 36 bylo provedeno z věkové indikace a 25 z jiné indikace – všechny s normálním karyotypem. Odběr choriových klků byl proveden v 62 případech, z nich 52 na základě pozitivního výsledku screeningu s nálezem 13 případů aneuploidie. Ve zbývajících 10 případech bylo 5 provedeno z důvodu pokročilého věku a 5 pro pozitivní rodinnou anamnézu – všechny s normálním karyotypem. Závěr: Celkem 79 invazivních výkonů provedených na základě pozitivního výsledku screeningu zachytilo všech 16 suspektních aneuploidií. Zbývajících 71 invazivních výkonů provedených z věkové indikace (n = 41) a z jiné indikace (n = 30) prokázalo normální karyotyp.
Objectives: To investigate the effectivity of the first trimester screening (FTS), age and other factors as an indication for invasive testing. Methods: A retrospective analysis of indications for invasive procedures and their effectivity in the group of women who underwent screening in the first trimester of pregnancy in our center. Women were offered the combined screening program by ultrasound and biochemical markers. Women with risk more than 1 : 300 for chromosome 21, 18 or 13 trisomies, or those over the age of 35 as this is still and indication for invasive tests in the Czech Republic were offered genetic counseling and invasive testing. Chorionic villous sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis (AMC) was than performed. Results: Of the 1700 women who underwent FTS, 291 were over 35 in which only 24 had a risk higher than 1 : 300. Detection rate of trisomy 21, 18 and 13 were 100%, (16 cases) for a false positive rate of 4.6%. In the whole screened population 79 had a risk more than 1 : 300. The total number of invasive tests was 150. Amniocentesis was performed in 88 cases, only 27 were done on the basis of screening with 3 aneuploidy detected. 36 amniocenteses were done for age and 25 for other indications - all had normal karyotype. The CVS was performed in 62, 52 on the basis of screening with 13 aneuploidy detected. In the other ten cases 5 for age and 5 for family history the karyotype was normal. Conclusion: Altogether 79 invasive procedures based on screening detected all 16 aneuploidies. Remaining 71 invasive tests (n = 41) for age and (n = 30) for other indications had a complete normal karyotype.
- MeSH
- amniocentéza normy statistika a číselné údaje využití MeSH
- genetické testování metody normy využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odběr choriových klků normy statistika a číselné údaje využití MeSH
- prenatální péče normy trendy MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- věk matky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Where microbes colonizing skin surface may help maintain organism homeostasis, those that invade living skin layers cause disease. In bats, white-nose syndrome is a fungal skin infection that affects animals during hibernation and may lead to mortality in severe cases. Here, we inferred the amount of fungus that had invaded skin tissue of diseased animals. We used simulations to estimate the unobserved disease severity in a non-lethal wing punch biopsy and to relate the simulated pathology to the measured fungal load in paired biopsies. We found that a single white-nose syndrome skin lesion packed with spores and hyphae of the causative agent, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, contains 48.93 pg of the pathogen DNA, which amounts to about 1560 P destructans genomes in one skin lesion. Relating the information to the known UV fluorescence in Nearctic and Palearctic bats shows that Nearctic bats carry about 1.7 µg of fungal DNA per cm2, whereas Palearctic bats have 0.04 µg cm-2 of P. destructans DNA. With the information on the fungal load that had invaded the host skin, the researchers can now calculate disease severity as a function of invasive fungal growth using non-destructive UV light transillumination of each bat's wing membranes. Our results will enable and promote thorough disease severity assessment in protected bat species without the need for extensive animal and laboratory labor sacrifices.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- Chiroptera mikrobiologie MeSH
- dermatomykózy * mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola terapie veterinární MeSH
- hibernace * MeSH
- křídla zvířecí mikrobiologie MeSH
- kůže mikrobiologie MeSH
- ultrafialové záření * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- amniocentéza etika metody škodlivé účinky MeSH
- druhý trimestr těhotenství MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- odběr choriových klků etika metody škodlivé účinky MeSH
- prenatální diagnóza etika metody škodlivé účinky MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
It is becoming increasingly clear that the communities of microorganisms that populate the surfaces exposed to the external environment, termed microbiota, are key players in the regulation of pathogen-host cross talk affecting the onset as well as the outcome of infectious diseases. We have performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study in which nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for microbiota predicting the risk of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in patients with hematological malignancies. Here, we demonstrate that the nasal and oropharyngeal microbiota are different, although similar characteristics differentiate high-risk from low-risk samples at both sites. Indeed, similar to previously published results on the oropharyngeal microbiota, high-risk samples in the nose were characterized by low diversity, a loss of beneficial bacteria, and an expansion of potentially pathogenic taxa, in the presence of reduced levels of tryptophan (Trp). At variance with oropharyngeal samples, however, low Trp levels were associated with defective host-derived kynurenine production, suggesting reduced tolerance mechanisms at the nasal mucosal surface. This was accompanied by reduced levels of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), likely associated with a reduced recruitment of neutrophils and impaired fungal clearance. Thus, the nasal and pharyngeal microbiomes of hematological patients provide complementary information that could improve predictive tools for the risk of IFI in hematological patients.
Reports on non-invasive blood sampling are limited, and there are only a few studies on using kissing bugs (Reduviidae) and medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) for hematology and biochemistry testing in various zoo animal species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of non-invasive blood sampling with medicinal leeches for arbovirus epidemiological investigations in various animal species from one zoo collection. Medicinal leeches were manually applied on 35 animals of 11 species. Control blood samples were obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein. Antibodies to tick-borne encephalitic virus (TBEV) were detected by using the immunoenzymatic method or an immunofluorescent assay (IFAT), depending on the animal species. One of the 35 animals (2.9%) was seropositive (Ovis aries), whereas the rest of the samples were seronegative in both methods of sampling (non-invasive by leeches vs. invasive by venipuncture). Blood sampling using medicinal leeches showed promising results. It is likely a good alternative to other more complex and invasive methods, and it can provide significant advancement in blood sampling for preventive medicine and epidemiological studies in zoo animals.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In accordance with the 3 Rs principle (to replace, reduce and refine) animal models in biomedical research, we have developed and applied a new approach for sampling and analyzing hair follicles in various experimental settings. This involves use of a convenient device for non-invasive collection of hair follicles and processing methods that provide sufficient amounts of biological material to replace stressful and painful biopsies. Moreover, the main components of hair follicles are live cells of epithelial origin, which are highly relevant for most types of malignant tumors, so they provide opportunities for studying aging-related pathologies including cancer. Here, we report the successful use of the method to obtain mouse hair follicular cells for genotyping, quantitative PCR, and quantitative immunofluorescence. We present proof of concept data demonstrating its utility for routine genotyping and monitoring changes in quality and expression levels of selected proteins in mice after gamma irradiation and during natural or experimentally induced aging. We also performed pilot translation of animal experiments to human hair follicles irradiated ex vivo. Our results highlight the value of hair follicles as biological material for convenient in vivo sampling and processing in both translational research and routine applications, with a broad range of ethical and logistic advantages over currently used biopsy-based approaches.
- MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
- genotypizační techniky MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ocas patologie MeSH
- poškození DNA * účinky záření MeSH
- stárnutí patologie fyziologie MeSH
- vlasový folikul anatomie a histologie metabolismus fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused considerable disruption worldwide. For efficient SARS-CoV-2 detection, new methods of rapid, non-invasive sampling are needed. This study aimed to investigate the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in a novel medium for gargle-lavage (GL) self-sampling and to compare the performance of SARS-CoV-2 detection in paired self-collected GL and clinician-obtained nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples. The stability study for SARS-CoV-2 preservation in a novel medium was performed over 14 days (4 °C, 24-27 °C, and 37 °C). In total, 494 paired GL and NPS samples were obtained at the University Hospital in Olomouc in April 2021. SARS-CoV-2 detection in paired samples was performed with a SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid Detection Kit (Zybio, Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China), an Elecsys® SARS-CoV-2 Antigen assay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), and a SARS-CoV-2 Antigen ELISA (EUROIMMUN, Lübeck, Germany). The stability study demonstrated excellent SARS-CoV-2 preservation in the novel medium for 14 days. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 55.7% of NPS samples and 55.7% of GL samples using rRT-PCR, with an overall agreement of 91.9%. The positive percent agreement (PPA) of the rRT-PCR in the GL samples was 92.7%, and the negative percent agreement (NPA) was 90.9%, compared with the NPS samples. The PPA of the rRT-PCR in the NPS and GL samples was 93.2% when all positive tests were used as the reference standard. Both antigen detection assays showed poor sensitivity compared to rRT-PCR (33.2% and 36.0%). rRT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 detection in self-collected GL samples had a similar PPA and NPA to that of NPSs. GL self-sampling offers a suitable and more comfortable alternative for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
One of the least invasive sampling methods suitable for self-sampling is saliva spitting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of saliva self-sampling for unsupervised testing. Two self-sampling strategies were compared on the basis of visual evaluation of samples, measurement of cortisol levels in samples and questionnaire survey. The saliva samples obtained by supervised self-sampling were found to be fully suitable for further analysis. In contrast, not all saliva samples obtained from unsupervised self-collection can be used: 13% non-compliance with the minimum required sample volume, 8% with some food/drink residues and 26% taken at the wrong day time. About 42% of the unsupervised probands made at least one significant error in the saliva self-collection procedure. These results indicate that the accuracy of the results based on the analysis of samples received from saliva self-sampling is limited. For clinical investigation, the presence of an inner standard (referring to the reliability of the sampling procedure) is required.
