A total of 74 high volume air samples were collected at a background site in Czech Republic from 2012 to 2014 in which the concentrations of 20 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated. The total concentrations (gas + particle phase) ranged from 0.03 to 2.08 pg m-3 (average 0.52 pg m-3) for the sum of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (∑PFCAs), from 0.02 to 0.85 pg m-3 (average 0.28 pg m-3) for the sum of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (ΣPFSAs) and from below detection to 0.18 pg m-3 (average 0.05 pg m-3) for the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonamides and sulfonamidoethanols (ΣFOSA/Es). The gas phase concentrations of most PFASs were not controlled by temperature dependent sources but rather by long-range atmospheric transport. Air mass backward trajectory analysis showed that the highest concentrations of PFASs were mainly originating from continental areas. The average particle fractions (θ) of ΣPFCAs (θ = 0.74 ± 0.26) and ΣPFSAs (θ = 0.78 ± 0.22) were higher compared to ΣFOSA/Es (θ = 0.31 ± 0.35). However, they may be subject to sampling artefacts. This is the first study ever reporting PFASs concentrations in air samples collected over consecutive years. Significant decreases in 2012-2014 for PFOA, MeFOSE, EtFOSE and ∑PFCAs were observed with apparent half-lives of 1.01, 0.86, 0.92 and 1.94 years, respectively.

• MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• kyseliny karboxylové MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• intervenční radiologie ekonomika   výchova   MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• telekomunikace ekonomika   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• teleradiologie ekonomika   metody   MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rakousko MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

The periplasmic chaperone SurA plays a key role in outer membrane protein (OMP) biogenesis. E. coli SurA comprises a core domain and two peptidylprolyl isomerase domains (P1 and P2), but its mechanisms of client binding and chaperone function have remained unclear. Here, we use chemical cross-linking, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, single-molecule FRET and molecular dynamics simulations to map the client binding site(s) on SurA and interrogate the role of conformational dynamics in OMP recognition. We demonstrate that SurA samples an array of conformations in solution in which P2 primarily lies closer to the core/P1 domains than suggested in the SurA crystal structure. OMP binding sites are located primarily in the core domain, and OMP binding results in conformational changes between the core/P1 domains. Together, the results suggest that unfolded OMP substrates bind in a cradle formed between the SurA domains, with structural flexibility between domains assisting OMP recognition, binding and release.

• MeSH
• Escherichia coli metabolismus   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• molekulární chaperony genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• peptidylprolylisomerasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny vnější bakteriální membrány genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transportní proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• Publikační typ
• tisková chyba MeSH

Hallucinatory experiences (HEs) can be pronounced in psychosis, but similar experiences also occur in nonclinical populations. Cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to underpin HEs include dysfunctional source monitoring, heightened signal detection, and impaired attentional processes. Using data from an international multisite study on non-clinical participants (N = 419), we described the overlap between two sets of variables - one measuring cognition and the other HEs - at the level of individual items. We used a three-step method to extract and examine item-specific signal, which is typically obscured when summary scores are analyzed using traditional methodologies. The three-step method involved: (1) constraining variance in cognition variables to that which is predictable from HE variables, followed by dimension reduction, (2) determining reliable HE items using split-halves and permutation tests, and (3) selecting cognition items for interpretation using a leave-one-out procedure followed by repetition of Steps 1 and 2. The results showed that the overlap between HEs and cognition variables can be conceptualized as bi-dimensional, with two distinct mechanisms emerging as candidates for separate pathways to the development of HEs: HEs involving perceptual distortions on one hand (including voices), underpinned by a low threshold for signal detection in cognition, and HEs involving sensory overload on the other hand, underpinned by reduced laterality in cognition. We propose that these two dimensions of HEs involving distortions/liberal signal detection, and sensation overload/reduced laterality may map onto psychosis-spectrum and dissociation-spectrum anomalous experiences, respectively.

• MeSH
• halucinace * MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• pozornost MeSH
• psychotické poruchy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Stigma among healthcare providers is a barrier to the effective delivery of mental health services in primary care. Few studies have been conducted in primary care settings comparing the attitudes of healthcare providers and experiences of people with mental illness who are service users in those facilities. Such research is necessary across diverse global settings to characterize stigma and inform effective stigma reduction. METHODS: Qualitative research was conducted on mental illness stigma in primary care settings in one low-income country (Nepal), two lower-middle income countries (India, Tunisia), one upper-middle-income country (Lebanon), and three high-income countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy). Qualitative interviews were conducted with 248 participants: 64 primary care providers, 11 primary care facility managers, 111 people with mental illness, and 60 family members of people with mental illness. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. RESULTS: Primary care providers endorsed some willingness to help persons with mental illness but reported not having appropriate training and supervision to deliver mental healthcare. They expressed that people with mental illness are aggressive and unpredictable. Some reported that mental illness is incurable, and mental healthcare is burdensome and leads to burnout. They preferred mental healthcare to be delivered by specialists. Service users did not report high levels of discrimination from primary care providers; however, they had limited expectations of support from primary care providers. Service users reported internalized stigma and discrimination from family and community members. Providers and service users reported unreliable psychiatric medication supply and lack of facilities for confidential consultations. Limitations of the study include conducting qualitative interviews in clinical settings and reliance on clinician-researchers in some sites to conduct interviews, which potentially biases respondents to present attitudes and experiences about primary care services in a positive manner. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care providers' willingness to interact with people with mental illness and receive more training presents an opportunity to address stigmatizing beliefs and stereotypes. This study also raises important methodological questions about the most appropriate strategies to accurately understand attitudes and experiences of people with mental illness. Recommendations are provided for future qualitative research about stigma, such as qualitative interviewing by non-clinical personnel, involving non-clinical staff for recruitment of participants, conducting interviews in non-clinical settings, and partnering with people with mental illness to facilitate qualitative data collection and analysis.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• primární zdravotní péče MeSH
• rodina psychologie   MeSH
• rozhovory jako téma MeSH
• služby péče o duševní zdraví MeSH
• společenské stigma * MeSH
• zdravotnický personál psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• Itálie MeSH
• Libanon MeSH
• Maďarsko MeSH
• Tunisko MeSH

Bude optimalizována metodika přenosu genů pro rezistenci na cytostatika do krvetvorných buněk retrovirových vektorů. Exprese vektorů poskytne krvetvorným buňkám ochranu před toxickými a mutagenními účinky cytostatik.; The retroviral vector-mediated transfer of drug resistance genes into hematopoietic cells will be optimized. Expression of the drug resistance genes will protect hematopoietic cells against toxic and mutagenic side effects of antitumor cytotoxic chemotherapy.

• MeSH
• genetické vektory MeSH
• hematopoetické kmenové buňky účinky léků   MeSH
• mnohočetná léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• mutageneze cílená MeSH
• nádorové buňky kultivované MeSH
• protinádorové látky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Retroviridae MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• hematologie a transfuzní lékařství
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR

This paper analyses the contemporary public debate about vaccination, and medical knowledge more broadly, in the context of social media. The study is focused on the massive online debate prompted by the Facebook status of the digital celebrity Mark Zuckerberg, who posted a picture of his two-month-old daughter, accompanied by a comment: 'Doctor's visit - time for vaccines!' Carrying out a qualitative analysis on a sample of 650 comments and replies, selected through systematic random sampling from an initial pool of over 10,000 user contributions, and utilising open and axial coding, we empirically inform the theoretical discussion around the concept of the reflexive patient and introduce the notion of multi-layered reflexivity. We argue that the reflexive debate surrounding this primarily medical problem is influenced by both biomedical and social scientific knowledge. Lay actors therefore discuss not only vaccination, but also its political and economic aspects as well as the post-truth information context of the debate. We stress that the reflexivity of social actors related to the post-truth era re-enters and influences the debate more than ever. Furthermore, we suggest that the interconnection of different layers of reflexivity can either reinforce certainty or deepen the ambiguity and uncertainty of reflexive agents.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sociální média * MeSH
• vakcinace psychologie   MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Open interior sands represent a highly threatened habitat in Europe. In recent times, their associated organisms have often found secondary refuges outside their natural habitats, mainly in sand pits. We investigated the effects of different restoration approaches, i.e. spontaneous succession without additional disturbances, spontaneous succession with additional disturbances caused by recreational activities, and forestry reclamation, on the diversity and conservation values of spiders, beetles, flies, bees and wasps, orthopterans and vascular plants in a large sand pit in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. Out of 406 species recorded in total, 112 were classified as open sand specialists and 71 as threatened. The sites restored through spontaneous succession with additional disturbances hosted the largest proportion of open sand specialists and threatened species. The forestry reclamations, in contrast, hosted few such species. The sites with spontaneous succession without disturbances represent a transition between these two approaches. While restoration through spontaneous succession favours biodiversity in contrast to forestry reclamation, additional disturbances are necessary to maintain early successional habitats essential for threatened species and open sand specialists. Therefore, recreational activities seem to be an economically efficient restoration tool that will also benefit biodiversity in sand pits.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• členovci MeSH
• hornictví * MeSH
• lesnictví * MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Autori analyzujú výskyt nozokomiálnych infekcií na ich pracovisku v rokoch 1999–2006. Výskyt kolísal od 1,92 % až po 4,24 % v jednotlivých rokoch s priemerom 3,12 %. Najčastejšie sa vyskytovali ranové infekcie, febrility spojené s pozitívnymi hemokultúrami a močové infekcie. Priemerná doba hospitalizácie pri nozokomiálnej infekcii sa predĺžila 3,5krát a stúpli náklady na liečbu. Upozorňujú aj na sporadický výskyt multirezistentných kmeňov – MRSA, MRCoNS, ESBL+ Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp. a E. coli. Zásadný význam majú dôsledné preventívne opatrenia šírenia infekcie, týkajúce sa prameňov nákazy, zdravotníckeho materiálu, prerušenia ciest prenosu, ochrany vnímavých jedincov a zisteného výskytu nozokomiálnych nákaz.

The authors analyze the prevalence of nosocomial infections in their facility between 1999 and 2006. The annual rates ranged from 1.92 % to 4.24 %, with an average prevalence of 3.12 %. The most frequent were wound infections, febrile conditions associated with positive blood culture and urinary tract infections. In nosocomial infections, the average length of hospitalization increased by a factor of 3.5 and treatment costs rose. Sporadically, multiresistant strains were detected, such as MRSA, MRCoNS, ESBL+ Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp. and E. coli. Measures preventing infections from spread are of crucial importance. These are concerned with the source of infection, medical supplies, breaking the route of transmission, protection of susceptible individuals and detected nosocomial infections.

• MeSH
• beta-laktamová rezistence imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• chirurgie statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• Escherichia coli patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• infekce chirurgické rány komplikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekce močového ústrojí komplikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí ekonomika   komplikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• mnohočetná léková rezistence imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• rezistence na vankomycin imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH