• MeSH
• cytogenetika MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NLK Obory
• cytologie, klinická cytologie
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects up to 10% of older adults. Their healthcare is impeded by delayed diagnosis and insufficient treatment. To advance disease prediction and find new entry points for therapy, we performed meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies in 116,647 individuals with RLS (cases) and 1,546,466 controls of European ancestry. The pooled analysis increased the number of risk loci eightfold to 164, including three on chromosome X. Sex-specific meta-analyses revealed largely overlapping genetic predispositions of the sexes (rg = 0.96). Locus annotation prioritized druggable genes such as glutamate receptors 1 and 4, and Mendelian randomization indicated RLS as a causal risk factor for diabetes. Machine learning approaches combining genetic and nongenetic information performed best in risk prediction (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82-0.91). In summary, we identified targets for drug development and repurposing, prioritized potential causal relationships between RLS and relevant comorbidities and risk factors for follow-up and provided evidence that nonlinear interactions are likely relevant to RLS risk prediction.

• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie * MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mendelovská randomizace MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• strojové učení MeSH
• syndrom neklidných nohou * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH

• MeSH
• biologie MeSH
• lékařská genetika MeSH
• molekulární medicína MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol

X-chromosomal genetic variants are understudied but can yield valuable insights into sexually dimorphic human traits and diseases. We performed a sex-stratified cross-ancestry X-chromosome-wide association meta-analysis of seven kidney-related traits (n = 908,697), identifying 23 loci genome-wide significantly associated with two of the traits: 7 for uric acid and 16 for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), including four novel eGFR loci containing the functionally plausible prioritized genes ACSL4, CLDN2, TSPAN6 and the female-specific DRP2. Further, we identified five novel sex-interactions, comprising male-specific effects at FAM9B and AR/EDA2R, and three sex-differential findings with larger genetic effect sizes in males at DCAF12L1 and MST4 and larger effect sizes in females at HPRT1. All prioritized genes in loci showing significant sex-interactions were located next to androgen response elements (ARE). Five ARE genes showed sex-differential expressions. This study contributes new insights into sex-dimorphisms of kidney traits along with new prioritized gene targets for further molecular research.

• MeSH
• androgeny * genetika   MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie * MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• ledviny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy X genetika   MeSH
• responzivní elementy MeSH
• tetraspaniny genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH

"Genetics and Genomics in Medicine is a new textbook written for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as medical researchers, which explains the science behind the uses of genetics and genomics in medicine today. It is not just about rare inherited and chromosomal disorders, but how genetics affects the whole spectrum of human health and disease. DNA technologies are explained, with emphasis on the modern techniques that have revolutionized the use of genetic information in medicine and are indicating the role of genetics in common complex diseases. The detailed, integrative coverage of genetic approaches to treatment and prevention includes pharmacogenomics and the prospects for personalized medicine. Cancers are essentially genetic diseases and are given a dedicated chapter that includes new insights from cancer genome sequencing. Clinical disorders are covered throughout and there are extensive end-of-chapter questions and problems"--Provided by publisher.

Myoid gonadal stromal tumours (MGST) represent a rare type of testicular sex cord-stromal tumour that has recently been recognised as a distinct entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of genitourinary tumours. MGSTs affect adult men and have been reported to behave in an indolent fashion. Histologically, MGSTs are pure spindle cell neoplasms that coexpress SMA and S100 protein. Given that the molecular features of these neoplasms remain largely undescribed, we evaluated a multi-institutional series of MGSTs using DNA and RNA sequencing. This study included 12 tumours from 12 patients aged 28 to 57 years. Tumour sizes ranged from 0.6 to 4.3 cm. Aggressive histologic features, such as vascular invasion, necrosis, invasive growth, and atypical mitoses were invariably absent. Mitotic activity was low, with a median of less than 1 mitosis per 10 high power fields (HPF; maximum: 3 mitoses per 10 HPF). Molecular analyses did not identify recurrent mutations or gene fusions. All cases with interpretable copy number variant data (9/10 cases sequenced successfully) demonstrated a consistent pattern of chromosome arm-level and whole-chromosome-level copy number gains indicative of ploidy shifts, with recurrent gains involving chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14q, 15q, 17, 18q, 20, and 21q. Similar findings have also been recognised in pure spindle cell and spindle-cell predominant sex cord-stromal tumours without S100 protein expression. MGSTs are characterised by ploidy shifts and may be part of a larger spectrum of spindle cell-predominant sex cord-stromal tumours, including cases without S100 protein expression.

• MeSH
• chromozomy metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gonadální stromální nádory * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteiny S100 MeSH
• testikulární nádory * patologie   MeSH
• variabilita počtu kopií segmentů DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH

Ciele: Analýza prenatálnych vzoriek za obdobie 2015–2020. Porovnanie miery detekcie klinicky relevantných variant cytogenetickou analýzou karyotypu a cytogenomickými metódami MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-Depent Probe Amplification) a mikročipmi (CMA – chromosomal microarray). Súbor a metodika: Analyzovaných bolo 1 029 prenatálnych vzoriek cytogenetickým hodnotením karyotypu (n = 1 029), cytogenomickými metódami MLPA (n = 144) a CMA (n = 111). Všetky nebalansované zmeny boli potvrdené metódou MLPA alebo CMA. Výsledky: Z analyzovaného súboru plodov, po odčítaní aneuploidií – 107 (10,40 %, n = 1 029), bolo analýzou karyotypu zachytených 22 štruktúrnych aberácií (2,39 %, n = 922) – deväť nebalansovaných zmien (0,98 %), 10 balansovaných zmien (1,08 %), jeden prípad nejasnej mozaiky (0,09 %), jeden prípad prítomnosti marker chromozómu (0,09 %) a jeden prípad diskordancie pohlavia (0,09 %). U 255 vzoriek s fyziologickým karyotypom indikovaných k cytogenomickému vyšetreniu bolo zachytených celkom osem (7,21 %, n = 111) patologických variant metódou CMA. Metódou MLPA bolo z týchto ôsmich patogénnych variant zachytených päť (3,47 %, n = 144). Celkový záchyt patogénnych variant metódami MLPA a CMA vrátane konfirmačných vyšetrení patologického karyotypu je 14 (5,14 %) a 17 (6,25 %) (n = 272). Záchyt patologických variant v skupine s izolovanými poruchami bol nižší než v skupine s mnohopočetnými poruchami (5,08 vs. 21,42 %). Záver: Potvrdila sa vyššia úspešnosť záchytu patologických variant so zmenou v počte kópií, metódou CMA než MLPA.

Objective: Analysis of prenatal samples from 2015 to 2020. Comparison detection rates of clinically relevant variants by cytogenetic karyotype analysis and cytogenomic MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-Depent Probe Amplification) and microarray methods (CMA – chromosomal microarray). Material and method: 1,029 prenatal samples were analyzed by cytogenetic karyotyping (N = 1,029), cytogenomic methods – MLPA (N = 144) and CMA (N = 111). All unbalanced changes were confirmed by MLPA or CMA. Results: From the analyzed set of fetuses, after subtraction of aneuploidies – 107 (10.40%, N = 1,029), 22 structural aberrations (2.39%, N = 922) – nine unbalanced changes (0.98%), 10 balanced changes (1.08%), one case of unclear mosaicism (0.09%), one case of presence of a marker chromosome (0.09%) and one case of sex discordance (0.09%) – were detected by karyotype analysis. A total of eight (7.21%, N = 111) pathological variants were detected by CMA in 255 samples with physiological karyotype indicated for cytogenomic examination. Five (3.47%, N = 144) of eight pathogenic variants were detected by MLPA method. The total capture of pathogenic variants by MLPA and CMA methods was 14 (5.14%) and 17 (6.25%) (N = 272), including confirmatory pathological karyotype testing. Detection of pathological variants in the isolated disorders group was lower than in the multiple disorders group (5.08 vs. 21.42%). Conclusion: A higher success rate for the detection of pathological copy number variation variants by the microarray method than by the MLPA method was confirmed.

• MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikročipová analýza metody   MeSH
• mozaicismus MeSH
• multiplexová polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• plod MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• variabilita počtu kopií segmentů DNA MeSH
• vrozené vady * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

The association between gene variant rs7635818 located on chromosome 3p12.3 and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) was not unambiguously determined by the results of genome-wide association studies. The aim of our study was to examine this possible association in the Slovak population, with respect to the presence and severity of AAA.A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2016 and March 2020. The study included 329 participans, 166 AAA patients and a control group of 163 subjects without confirmed AAA with comparable distribution of genders. The anteroposterior diameter of the abdominal aorta was determined by duplex ultrasonography. AAA was defined as subrenal aortic diameter ≥ 30 mm. DNA samples were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction and subsequent high-resolution melting analysis in presence of unlabelled probe. Genetic models studying the possible association were adjusted to age, sex, smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, creatinine and body mass index (BMI) in multivariate analysis. In the additive model, presence of each C-allele of rs7635818 polymorphism was associated with an almost 50 % increase in probability of developing AAA (OR 1.49; 95 % CI 1.06-2.08; p=0.020). Compared to GG homozygotes, CC homozygotes had more than two times higher risk of developing AAA (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.14-4.39; p=0.020). The risk of AAA was also in the recessive model higher for CC homozygotes compared to G-allele carriers (GC/GG) (OR 1.79; 95 % CI 1.01-3.19; p=0.047).The abdominal aortic diameter in CC homozygotes of the rs7635818 polymorphism was 7.66 mm greater compared to GG homozygotes (42.5±22.0 mm vs 34.8±21.3 mm; p=0.022) and 5.88 mm greater compared to G-allele carriers (GC/GG) (42.5±22.0 mm vs 36.6±21.0 mm; p=0.04) in univariate analysis. C-allele variant in rs7635818 G>C polymorphism is associated with a higher probability of developing AAA in the Slovak population.

• MeSH
• aneurysma břišní aorty diagnostické zobrazování   etnologie   genetika   MeSH
• běloši genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy, pár 3 * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

In families with X-linked recessive diseases, foetal sex is determined prenatally by detection of Y-chromosomal sequences in cell-free foetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma. The same procedure is used to confirm the cffDNA presence during non-invasive prenatal RhD incompatibility testing but there are no generally accepted markers for the detection of cffDNA fraction in female-foetus bearing pregnancies. We present a methodology allowing the detection of paternal X-chromosomal alleles on maternal background and the confirmation of female sex of the foetus by positive amplification signals. Using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) we examined X-chromosomal INDEL (insertion/deletion) polymorphisms: rs2307932, rs16397, rs16637, rs3048996, rs16680 in buccal swabs of 50 females to obtain the population data. For all INDELs, we determined the limits of detection for each ddPCR assay. We examined the cffDNA from 63 pregnant women bearing Y-chromosome negative foetuses. The analysis with this set of INDELs led to informative results in 66.67% of examined female-foetus bearing pregnancies. Although the population data predicted higher informativity (74%) we provided the proof of principle of this methodology. We successfully applied this methodology in prenatal diagnostics in a family with Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome and in pregnancies tested for the risk of RhD incompatibility.

• MeSH
• analýza určování pohlaví metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetické testování MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy X genetika   MeSH
• mutace INDEL * MeSH
• plod chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza metody   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• volné cirkulující nukleové kyseliny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In many species, sexual differentiation is a vital prelude to reproduction, and disruption of this process can have severe fitness effects, including sterility. It is thus interesting that genetic systems governing sexual differentiation vary among-and even within-species. To understand these systems more, we investigated a rare example of a frog with three sex chromosomes: the Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis. We demonstrate that natural populations from the western and eastern edges of Ghana have a young Y chromosome, and that a male-determining factor on this Y chromosome is in a very similar genomic location as a previously known female-determining factor on the W chromosome. Nucleotide polymorphism of expressed transcripts suggests genetic degeneration on the W chromosome, emergence of a new Y chromosome from an ancestral Z chromosome, and natural co-mingling of the W, Z, and Y chromosomes in the same population. Compared to the rest of the genome, a small sex-associated portion of the sex chromosomes has a 50-fold enrichment of transcripts with male-biased expression during early gonadal differentiation. Additionally, X. tropicalis has sex-differences in the rates and genomic locations of recombination events during gametogenesis that are similar to at least two other Xenopus species, which suggests that sex differences in recombination are genus-wide. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations associated with recombination suppression on sex chromosomes, demonstrate that several characteristics of old and established sex chromosomes (e.g., nucleotide divergence, sex biased expression) can arise well before sex chromosomes become cytogenetically distinguished, and show how these characteristics can have lingering consequences that are carried forward through sex chromosome turnovers.

• MeSH
• genetická zdatnost MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• procesy určující pohlaví genetika   MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• sexuální diferenciace genetika   MeSH
• Xenopus genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ghana MeSH