Soil risk minimization
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The massive production and use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have led to their increasing release into the environment. Even though the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of native nanoparticles have been well studied, the environmental impacts of transformation products such as silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S NPs) have not been elucidated. In the present study, we assessed the toxicity of Ag2S NPs and silver nitrate (AgNO3), as a source of Ag, to the earthworm Eisenia andrei using a nominal concentration of 5 mg Ag kg-1 soil. We used the OECD guidelines to assess effects on weight loss and mortality for 14 days. After exposure, we also extracted the immune effector cells (coelomocytes) and conducted a battery of biomarker tests. To ensure the quality of the toxicological results, the structural changes of NPs during the experiment and the uptake of silver by the earthworms were monitored. During the experiment, mortality effects were not detected, but a weight loss was observed in the earthworms exposed to Ag2S NPs. Altough Ag2S NPs were engulfed by E. andrei cells, neither phenoloxidase activity nor lipid peroxidation differed from the untreated control group. Cells from earthworms treated with Ag2S NPs exerted very broad value range of nitric oxide (NO) generation, suggesting an imbalance in the NO metabolism. Overall, this study suggests minimal risks associated with Ag2S NPs exposure to earthworms. However, further studies are needed to assure no immunotoxicological or chronic effects on a wider range of terrestrial organisms.
- MeSH
- dusičnan stříbrný toxicita MeSH
- hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
- kovové nanočástice * chemie toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * toxicita MeSH
- Oligochaeta * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- sloučeniny stříbra MeSH
- stříbro metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The nitrification of the liquid phase of digestate (LPD) was conducted using a 5L completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in two independent periods (P1 - without pH control; P2 - with pH control). The possibility of minimizing nitrogen losses during the application of LPD to the soil as well as during long-term storage or thermal thickening of LPD using nitrification was discussed. Moreover, the feasibility of applying the nitrification of LPD to the production of electron acceptors for biological desulfurization of biogas was assessed. Despite an extremely high average concentration of ammonia and COD in LPD reaching 2470 and 9080mg/L, respectively, nitrification was confirmed immediately after the start-up of the CSTR. N-NO3-concentration reached 250mg/L only two days after the start of P1. On the other hand, P1 demonstrated that working without pH control is a risk because of the free nitrous acid (FNA) inhibition towards nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) resulting in massive nitrite accumulation. Up to 30.9mg/L of FNA was present in the reactor during P1, where the NOB started to be inhibited even at 0.15mg/L of FNA. During P2, the control of pH at 7.0 resulted in nitrogen oxidation efficiency reaching 98.3±1.5% and the presence of N-NO3-among oxidized nitrogen 99.6±0.4%. The representation of volatile free ammonia within total nitrogen was reduced more than 1000 times comparing with raw LPD under these conditions. Thus, optimum characteristics of the tested system from the point of view of minimizing the nitrogen losses as well as production of electron acceptors for the desulfurization of biogas were gained in this phase of reactor operation. Based on the results of the experiments, potential improvements and modifications of the tested system were suggested.
- MeSH
- amoniak MeSH
- bioreaktory * MeSH
- dusík MeSH
- dusitany MeSH
- nitrifikace * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Historical slags from the past Fe and Cu-Co production were investigated in order to evaluate either their potential for utilization or their long-term environmental risk for unsupervised old smelting areas. Here, we studied ferrous slags produced during the recovery of Fe from siderite-Cu ores in Slovakia and two different types of non-ferrous slags produced during the recovery of Cu and Co from Kupferschiefer ores in Germany. The glassy character, rare occurrence of primary silicate phases, and the lack of secondary phases in Cu slags indicate their stability for a prolonged period of time. Electron microprobe analytical work showed that the metals and metalloids (Cu, Co, Fe, Zn, Pb, As) are largely encased in droplets of matte and metal alloys and remain protected by the glassy matrix with its low weathering rate. Fe and Co slags are composed of high-temperature silicates such as wollastonite, cristobalite, as well as olivine, feldspar, quartz, leucite, pyroxene, and pyroxenoids. The presence of secondary phases attests to a certain degree metal release owing to weathering. Assuming minimal contents of metals in slags after a treatment with dilute H2SO4, slags could be used as pozzolanas for addition to cement.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kovy analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- nakládání s odpady * MeSH
- recyklace * MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Německo MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Fekální inkontinence představuje onemocnění s vysokou prevalencí ( > 2 % celkové populace) a velmi závažným dopadem na kvalitu života postiženého jedince i lidí v jeho okolí. Principiální roli při diagnostice fekální inkontinence a při poskytování léčebné péče pacientům postiženým inkontinencí hrají praktičtí lékaři, gastroenterologové i chirurgové. Poměrně nízká úroveň poskytované péče je však mimo jiné důsledkem nedostatečné znalosti problematiky fekální inkontinence a minimálního tréninku lékařů zaměřeného na její diagnostiku a léčení. Autoři překládají ucelený up-to-date přehled problematiky fekální inkontinence se zaměřením se na definici, prevalenci, závažnost, důsledky onemocnění, patofyziologii, diagnostiku a léčbu. Detailní zhodnocení anatomického a fyziologického stavu pacienta je nezbytným předpokladem pro stanovení správné příčiny vzniku inkontinence a pro následný výběr nejvhodnějšího terapeutického postupu. Široké spektrum dostupných léčebných modalit v léčbě fekální inkontinence zahrnuje konzervativní léčbu (úprava životního stylu, dietní režim, farmakologické přípravky, absorpční pomůcky), biofeedback i chirurgické intervence (augmentace svěračů, rekonstrukce svěračů, stimulace sakrálního nervu, náhrada svěračů a diverse stolice). Prostřednictvím aplikace vhodného léčebného postupu může mnoho pacientů dosáhnout výrazného zlepšení symptomů inkontinence a zlepšení kvality života. Včasná diagnóza fekální inkontinence navíc vede k prevenci vzniku komplikací, které by dále zhoršovaly kvalitu života nemocného.
Faecal incontinence presents gastrointestinal disorder with high prevalence (more than 2% of population) and serious impact on the quality of life. General practitioners, gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons play the principal role in screening, diagnostics and providing health care to patients who suffer from faecal incontinence. Insufficient knowledge about faecal incontinence and minimal training aimed at its diagnostics and therapy lead to the low quality of provided health care. Authors offer comprehensive up-to-date review focused on faecal incontinence – its definition, prevalence, seriousness, consequences, pathophysiology, diagnostics and management. Detailed anatomical and physiological assessment of each patient is fundamental in determining correct cause of faecal incontinence and consequent selection of the most appropriate therapeutic modality. Broad spectrum of available therapeutic options comprises conservative management (lifestyle modification, diet, medications, and absorbent tools), biofeedback and surgical interventions (sphincter augmentation, sphincter reconstruction, sacral nerve stimulation, sphincter substitution and stools diversion). Application of the most appropriate treatment can lead in majority of patients to significant improvement in faecal incontinence and quality of life. Early diagnosis prevents possible complications, which would possibly deteriorate patient’s quality of life.
- MeSH
- anální kanál anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- biofeedback (psychologie) MeSH
- endosonografie MeSH
- fekální inkontinence * diagnóza etiologie chirurgie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- kolon anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurofyziologický monitoring MeSH
- pánev anatomie a histologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Biochar is a soil-improving substrate made from phytomass pyrolysis. In Southeast Asia, its application decreases due to the long-term growth of biochar cost and thus caused further prolongation of the payback period. In the Euro-American civilization the biochar application is already almost forgotten once it has been much earlier recognized that the crop yields can be increased much faster with higher doses of nutrients and other agrochemicals. The payback period can be expected in decades. Such a long-time investment into soil fertility raises also many ethical questions. The final decision combines issues of social responsibility, risk and other financial indicators as well as personal preferences and more. The attitudes of Western and Central European decision makers in the agriculture business segment were analyzed on the basis of electronic questionnaire survey and a subsequent interview through their local unions. According to the data, most of them did not know about the possibilities of a more environmentally friendly approach to soil enhancement based on the addition of a fertilizer in the form of biochar. Among others, the collected data also shows that the decision makers from Western Europe have a much different ethical approach to the land and financial indicators than the Central Europeans.
- MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí ekonomika MeSH
- klimatické změny ekonomika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náklady a analýza nákladů * MeSH
- obchod * MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva ekonomika MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- zemědělství ekonomika MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Species moved by human activities beyond the limits of their native geographic ranges into areas in which they do not naturally occur (termed aliens) can cause a broad range of significant changes to recipient ecosystems; however, their impacts vary greatly across species and the ecosystems into which they are introduced. There is therefore a critical need for a standardised method to evaluate, compare, and eventually predict the magnitudes of these different impacts. Here, we propose a straightforward system for classifying alien species according to the magnitude of their environmental impacts, based on the mechanisms of impact used to code species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Invasive Species Database, which are presented here for the first time. The classification system uses five semi-quantitative scenarios describing impacts under each mechanism to assign species to different levels of impact-ranging from Minimal to Massive-with assignment corresponding to the highest level of deleterious impact associated with any of the mechanisms. The scheme also includes categories for species that are Not Evaluated, have No Alien Population, or are Data Deficient, and a method for assigning uncertainty to all the classifications. We show how this classification system is applicable at different levels of ecological complexity and different spatial and temporal scales, and embraces existing impact metrics. In fact, the scheme is analogous to the already widely adopted and accepted Red List approach to categorising extinction risk, and so could conceivably be readily integrated with existing practices and policies in many regions.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- býložravci fyziologie MeSH
- distribuce rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- extinkce biologická MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské činnosti trendy MeSH
- nejistota MeSH
- populační dynamika trendy MeSH
- potravní řetězec MeSH
- predátorské chování fyziologie MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rostliny mikrobiologie parazitologie virologie MeSH
- rozšíření zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- zavlečené druhy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- životní prostředí * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
2 sv. + 1 CD-ROM
- MeSH
- chudoba MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- snížení rizika poškození MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- zdravotní stav MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- management, organizace a řízení zdravotnictví
- lékařství
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
... Estimates of the disease burden due to soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis 2 -- 3. ... ... schistosomiasis-related pathology, and prevention of late-stage sequelae 5 -- 3.3 Consequences of soil-transmitted ... ... Differential strategies for schistosomiasis control in areas of high and low endemicity 26 -- 4.3 A minimal ... ... package of activities for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in high-burden areas 27 ... ... Operational approaches to the control of morbidity due to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis ...
WHO technical report series, ISSN 0512-3054 912
vi, 57 s. : tab., grafy ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- helmintóza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- parazitární nemoci MeSH
- parazitologie MeSH
- půda MeSH
- schistosomóza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- veřejné zdravotnictví
- parazitologie
- cestovní a tropická medicína
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO
Výfukové plyny motorových vozidel jsou komplexní směsí, jejíž složení závisí na vlastnostech paliva, typu a funkčním stavu motoru a případném použití katalytických konventorů. Vznikající emise a jejich deriváty, tedy emise sekundární, mohou nepříznivě působit na transportní Činnost mukociliámí výstelky dýchacích cest. Po vstřebání mohou nepříznivě ovlivňovat i činnost některých orgánů a systémů. Nepříznivé důsledky expozice těmto imisím se liší u různých populačních skupin. Zejména děti a staří hdé mohou být ke škodlivým vlivům zvláště citliví. Osoby s astmatem nebo jinými preexistujícími respiračními nebo kardiovaskulárními chorobami představují v tomto směru zvlášť významnou rizikovou část populace. v souvislosti s minimalizací obsahu olova došlo k obohacení automobilových paliv o jiné problematické složky. Emise těkavých organických látek (dále VOC), například benzenu, představují v této souvislosti významný příspěvek ke znečištění prostředí. Některé z těchto látek byly identifikovány jednak jako zdravotní rizika, jednak jako významné podpůrné faktory pro vznik fotochemického smogu. Zavedení bezolovnatých paliv významně zvýšilo koncentrace aromatických látek v benzinu a vedlo ke změnám ve složení paliv, pokud jde o olefiny a o okysličovadla (oxygenátory). Vzestup obsahu aromátů, olefinů a dalších složek paliva užívaných automobily bez katalyzátorů se projevil vzestupem emisí benzenu, 1,3-butadienu a dalších VOC, právě tak i prekurzorů fotochemického smogu. Zvýšení koncentrace VOC v zevmm prostředí přispívá následně k vzestupu znečištění vnitřního prostředí, zejména v budovách větraných přirozeným způsobem, jichž je v našich podmínkách drtivá většina.
Exhaust fumes of motor vehicles are a complex mixture, the composition of which depends on the properties of the fuel, type and functional state of the engine and possibly the use of catalytic convertors. The emissions which are formed and their derivatives, i.e. secondary emissions, can have an adverse effect on the transport activity of the mucociliary lining of the airways. After absorption they can also have an adverse impact on the activity of some organs and systems. The adverse consequences of exposure to these emissions differ in different population groups. In particular children and old people may be particularly sensitive to the noxious effects. Subjects suffering from asthma or other preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular diseases are in this respect a population group under special risk. In conjunction with minimalization of the lead content motor car fuels contain larger amounts of some other problematic constituents. Emissions of volatile organic compoimds (VOC) e.g. benzene, thus contribute in an important way to the contamination of the atmosphere. Some of these substances were identified as health risks and as important supplementary factors forthe formation of photochemical smog. The introduction of lead-fi-ee fuels increased significantly the levels of aromatic substances in petrol and led to changes in the composition of fuels as far as olefins and oxygenators are concerned. The increase of the aromates and olefines content as well as of other constituents of fuels used in cars without catalysts is manifested by a rise of emissions of benzene, 1.3-butadiene and other VOC as welľas precursors of photochemical smog. The increased level of VOC in the environment contributes subsequently to a greater contamination of the indoor atmosphere, in particular in buildings with natural ventilation, which are in the majority in our coimtry.
... -- 1^8 Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field 25 -- 1.9 Evaluation of human health risks ... ... EXPOSURE 57 -- 5.1 Environmental levels 57 -- 5.1.1 Air 57 -- 5.1.2 Water and sediment 57 -- 5.1.3 Soil ... ... EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS -- AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 137 -- 10.1 Evaluation of human health ... ... risks 137 -- 10.1.1 Exposure levels 137 -- 10.1.2 Toxic effects 138 -- 10.1.3 Risk evaluation 143 -- ... ... effects on the environment 145 -- 10.2.1 Exposure levels 145 -- 10.2.2 Toxic effects 145 -- 10.2.3 Risk ...
Environmental health criteria ; 181
181 s. ; 20 cm
- Konspekt
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NLK Obory
- environmentální vědy
- environmentální vědy
- hygiena
- NLK Publikační typ
- publikace WHO