• MeSH
• Culicidae MeSH
• Filarioidea MeSH
• Filariasis transmission   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Disease Reservoirs MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH

V roce 1993 bylo u 10 nemocných léčených botulotoxinem A (BTXA) provedeno longitudinální sledování neuromuskulámího jitteru m. extensor digitorum communis metodou stimulované single fiber elektromyografie (SF EMG). Vyšetření bylo provedeno před aplikací a dvakrát po aplikaci BTXA z důvodu sledování vlivu této terapie na nervosvalový přenos ve vzdálených svalech. V tomto období byl zaznamenán pouze lehký subklinický přechodný vzestup neuromuskulámího jitteru po aplikaci BTXA. menán pouze lehký subklinický přechodný vzestup neuromuskulámího jitteru po aplikaci BTXA. bylo vyšetření SF EMG zopakováno v odstupu 7-8 let. U každého nemocného byl vyšetřen neuromuskulární jitter minimálně 20 nervosvalových plotének (individuálni jitter - MCD) a stanoven průměrný jitter (mean MCD). Dále byla stanovena průměrná hodnota individuálních jitteru všech pacientů (pooled data). Průměmá hodnota mean MCD byla v r. 1993 20 μs (15-25 μs, SD 3,1 μs), v letech 2000-2001 21 μs (17-26 μs, SD 3,0 μs). Průměmá hodnota všech individuálních jitteru byla v r. 1993 19,46 μs (SD 8,59 μs), po 7-8 letech 21,01 μs (SD 9,76 μs). Rozdíly jsou nesignifikantní (p = 0,59, resp. 0,23). Studie ukázala, že nevýznamný vzestup neuromuskulámího jitteru v období těsně po aplikaci BTXA je přechodným jevem a nemá ani při dlouhodobém podávání BTXA žádný kumulativní efekt ve smyslu zhoršování neuromuskulámího přenosu ve vzdálených svalech.

Longitudinal study of the neuromuscular jitter of the extensor digitorum communis muscle was done in 1993 in 10 patients treated with botulinum toxin A (BTXA) by means of stimulated single fibre electromyography (SF EMG). The examination was done before the administration and twice after the BTXA administration in order to follow up the effect of such therapy on the neuromuscular transmission in remote muscles. The BTXA administration brought about only a small, transient, subclinical increase of jitter. In 7 out of 10 patients who were treated with BTXA for abnormal movements, the SF EMG examination was repeated after 7 to 8 years. In each patient at least 20 neuromuscular junctions were examined (individual jitter MCD) and the mean individual jitters (mean MCD) was estimated. Also the average value of jitter from all patients was estimated (pooled data). The average value of mean MCD was in 1993 20 μs (15-25 μs, SD 3.1 μs) in years 2000-2001 21 μs (17-26 μs, SD 3.0 μs). The pooled value of individual jitters was in 199319,46 μs (SD 8.59 μs), after 7 to 8 years it was 21.01 μs (SD 9.76 μs). Differences are not significant (p=0.59, 0.23 respectively). The study has shown that the small increase of neuromuscular jitter just after the BTXA administration is a transient effect and with long-term administration it has no cumulative effect on the injury of the neuromuscular transmission in remote muscles.

• MeSH
• Botulinum Toxins, Type A administration & dosage   MeSH
• Electromyography methods   utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Longitudinal Studies MeSH
• Neuromuscular Junction drug effects   MeSH
• Synaptic Transmission radiation effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

• MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Air Pollutants toxicity   MeSH
• Ozone administration & dosage   MeSH
• Lung pathology   MeSH
• Pulmonary Alveoli ultrastructure   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH

• MeSH
• Arteries innervation   MeSH
• Neuromuscular Blocking Agents MeSH
• Synaptic Transmission MeSH

• Conspectus
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NML Fields
• fyziologie
• neurovědy

V článku je představena transmisní korekce absorpce záření používaná při jednofotonové emisní tomografii (SPECT) perfuze myokardu. Jsou diskutovány především důvody pro její použiti, parametry snímání, včetně příkladů rekonstrukce a zhodnocení provozu modulu pro transmisní korekci absorpce záření a diskuse o radiační zátěži pacienta. Na kazuistice 54 letého muže je ukázán přínos této metody při hodnocení perfuze spodní stěny myokardu.

The article presents transmission attenuation correction in single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and iťs use for myocardial perfusion studies. The reasons for the use are discussed, the parameters of acquisition and experience with the quality control and radiation dose are presented. The case study of a man aged 54 years shows the contribution of comparison of uncorrected and corrected attenuation sections when evaluating the myocardial inferior wall.

• MeSH
• Radiation Dosage MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Myocardium MeSH
• Perfusion instrumentation   MeSH
• Radiation Effects MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared on transparent membranes which are very fragile and difficult to manipulate. We present processes for the fabrication of samples with magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for Lorentz transmission electron microscopy and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy studies. The samples are prepared on silicon nitride membranes and the fabrication consists of a spin coating, UV and electron-beam lithography, the chemical development of the resist, and the evaporation of the magnetic material followed by a lift-off process forming the final magnetic structures. The samples for the Lorentz transmission electron microscopy consist of magnetic nanodiscs prepared in a single lithography step. The samples for the magnetic x-ray transmission microscopy are used for time-resolved magnetization dynamic experiments, and magnetic nanodiscs are placed on a waveguide which is used for the generation of repeatable magnetic field pulses by passing an electric current through the waveguide. The waveguide is created in an extra lithography step.

• MeSH
• Magnetics instrumentation   MeSH
• Nanostructures chemistry   MeSH
• Silicon Compounds chemistry   MeSH
• Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Video-Audio Media MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Pomocí fingerprintingu založeného na detekci insertivní sekvence IS6110 v DNA M. tuberculosisnatrávené restrikčním enzymem PVUII byla prokázána epidemiologická souvislost u tří nemocnýchs bacilární tuberkulózou. Prvotním zdrojem infekce byl 44letý muž, etylik a bezdomovec, s tuberkulózou rozpoznanou při epizodě etylické ebriety, propuštěný předčasně z hospitalizace pro neukázněnost a opilství, který po 8 měsících zemřel s nálezem kaseózní pneumonie. První kontaktní osoboubyla 53letá žena, diabetička a hypertonička, pomocná síla v laboratoři, kde se pravděpodobněnakazila při manipulaci s infekčním sputem nemocného. Další nemocný byl 49letý muž, etylik,nezaměstnaný, u kterého byl zjištěn symptomatický tuberkulózní nález s celkovou slabostí, zvýšenými teplotami a expektorací, který se nejpravděpodobněji nakazil od nemocného zdroje při náhodných kontaktech v místě bydliště.Profily RFLP kmenů M. tuberculosis všech tří nemocných jevily identický obraz klonu DF1, tvořeného sedmi kopiemi IS6110. Tento profil nebyl zjištěn u žádného z celkového počtu 98 kmenů M.tuberculosis vyšetřených v rámci molekulárněpidemiologické prevalenční studie nemocných s bacilární tuberkulózou hlášených v Praze v roce 1999.

By means of fingerprinting based on detection of the insertive sequence IS6110 v DNA of M.tuberculosis predigested by the restrictive enzyme PVUII the authors proved epidemiologicalassociations in three patients with bacillary tuberculosis. The primary source of infection wasa 44-year-old man, alcoholic and homeless suffering from tuberculosis diagnosed during an episodeof ethylic ebriety, discharged prematurely from hospital because of lack of discipline and drunkenness who died after 8 months with a finding of caseous pneumonia. The first contact person wasa 53-year-old women suffering from diabetes and hypertension, an auxiliary worker in the laboratory where she probably was infected during manipulation of the patients infected sputum. Theother patient was a 49-year-old man, alcoholic, unemployed where a symptomatic tuberculousfinding was detected with general weakness, elevated temperatures and expectoration, who mostprobably was infected by a patient during accidental contact in his domicile.The profiles of RFLP strains of M. tuberculosis of all three patients had an identical appearance ofthe DF-1 clone formed by seven copies of IS6110. This profile was not found in any of the total of 98strains of M. tuberculosis examined within the framework of the molecular epidemiological prevalence study of patients with bacillary tuberculosis notified in Prague in 1999.

• MeSH
• DNA Fingerprinting utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunology   MeSH
• Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length MeSH
• Disease Transmission, Infectious analysis   MeSH
• Tuberculosis diagnosis   therapy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Cíl: Posoudit účinnost profylaktických opatření pro redukci vertikálního přenosu HIV infekce a zhodnotit prognostický význam demogratických, imunologických a virologických faktorů pro stanovení rizika přenosu HIV na plod a novorozence. Metody. Do retrospektivní studie bylo zařazeno 56 těhotenství 53 HIV pozitivních žen dispenzarizovaných v posledních 15 letech V AIDS Centru Infekční kliniky FN Na Bulovce. Ženám bylo provedeno vyšetření buněčné imunity a stanovena virová nálož HIV RNA. Podle aktuálního stavu vědění a adherence pacientek se v různé míře uskutečnily profylaktické postupy, k nimž patří podání antiretrovirotik, vedení porodu císařským řezem a zábrana kojení. Narodilo se 58 dětí, u kterých byla opakovaně prováděna vyšetření krve na přítomnost či nepřítomnost genomu HIV. Výsledky: Z 56 gravidit se narodilo 58 dětí, z nichž se HIV infikovaly 3 (5,17 %). V těchto případech byla dvakrát diagnostikována HIV pozitivita ženy několik hodin před porodem, u jedné ženy s včas diagnostikovanou HIV infekcí se selhání terapie dodatečně vysvětlilo nedostatečnou adherencí. Mimoto dvakrát došlo k předčasnému odtoku plodové vody a jedna z nich měla neléčenou syfilidu. Zbylých 55 dětí se neinfikovalo. Pouze u 6 z nich nebyly zcela splněny profylaktické postupy, zejména pro jejich ignorování pacientkami. Závér. Studie potvrzuje vysokou účinnost profylaktických postupů, které významně redukují riziko vertikálního přenosu HIV infekce. Předpokladem je rutinní testování všech gravidních žen ze zákona. Na selhání profylaxe se podílí zejména nedostatečná adherence léčby i možnost rezistence k antiretrovirotikům.

Goal: To assess the efficacy of prophylactic measures intended to reduce vertical transmission of HIV infection and to evaluate the predictive value of demographic, immunological and virological factors for determination of the risk of HIV transmission to fetus and neonate. Methods: 56 pregnancies of 53 HIV-positive women were included in this retrospective study. The women have been in the care of the AIDS Centre of the Dpt. of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Na Bulovce over the past 15 years. Cellular immunity tests and HIV RNA viral load in all subjects were regularly determined. In line with our present knowledge and the patients' compliance, we introduced prophylactic measures, which included the administration of antiretroviral agents, delivery by Caesarean section and breast-feeding avoidance. 58 children were born from these pregnancies and repeated blood tests were performed to detect the presence or absence of HIV RNA. Results: 58 infants were born from 56 pregnancies - and 3 of them (5.17%) were infected with HIV. In two mothers, we diagnosed HIV positivity few hours before delivery; another woman was diagnosed early, however, the failure of treatment was due to her insufficient comphance. In addition, premature amniorrhoea was present in two women. Moreover, one of them presented with untreated syphilis. The other 55 children stayed uninfected. In six of them, however, prophylactic measures were not fully followed, mainly because the patients disregarded them. Conclusions: The study fully confirms the high efficacy of prophylactic measures, which substantially reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HTV infection. Routine blood tests are neccessary in all pregnant women by law. The failure of prophylaxis is in most cases due to inadequate compliance with the treatment. However, we cannot rule out the possible resistance to antiretroviral agents.

• MeSH
• Anti-Retroviral Agents administration & dosage   pharmacology   MeSH
• Immunity, Cellular MeSH
• Cesarean Section MeSH
• Genome, Viral MeSH
• HIV Infections diagnosis   prevention & control   transmission   MeSH
• Clinical Laboratory Techniques MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical prevention & control   MeSH
• Viral Load MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Despite national guidelines and use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci (GBS)) is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns in Europe and the United States. The European DEVANI (Design of a Vaccine Against Neonatal Infections) program assessed the neonatal GBS infection burden in Europe, the clinical characteristics of colonized women and microbiological data of GBS strains in colonized women and their infants with early-onset disease (EOD). METHODS: Overall, 1083 pregnant women with a GBS-positive culture result from eight European countries were included in the study. Clinical obstetrical information was collected by a standardized questionnaire. GBS strains were characterized by serological and molecular methods. RESULTS: Among GBS carriers included in this study after testing positive for GBS by vaginal or recto-vaginal sampling, 13.4% had at least one additional obstetrical risk factor for EOD. The five most common capsular types (i.e., Ia, Ib, II, III and V) comprised ~ 93% of GBS carried. Of the colonized women, 77.8% received any IAP, and in 49.5% the IAP was considered appropriate. In our cohort, nine neonates presented with GBS early-onset disease (EOD) with significant regional heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Screening methods and IAP rates need to be harmonized across Europe in order to reduce the rates of EOD. The epidemiological data from eight different European countries provides important information for the development of a successful GBS vaccine.

• MeSH
• Antibiotic Prophylaxis MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Pregnancy Complications, Infectious * epidemiology   microbiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Carrier State epidemiology   microbiology   MeSH
• Streptococcus agalactiae * isolation & purification   classification   MeSH
• Streptococcal Infections * epidemiology   microbiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Vagina microbiology   MeSH
• Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical statistics & numerical data   prevention & control   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

Three decades ago, the first endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), was identified, and its analgesic effect was recognized in humans and preclinical models. However, clinical trial failures pointed out the complexity of the AEA-induced analgesia. The first synapses in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn represent an important modulatory site in nociceptive transmission and subsequent pain perception. The glutamatergic synaptic transmission at these synapses is strongly modulated by two primary AEA-activated receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), both highly expressed on the presynaptic side formed by the endings of primary nociceptive neurons. Activation of these receptors can have predominantly inhibitory (CB1) and excitatory (TRPV1) effects that are further modulated under pathological conditions. In addition, dual AEA-mediated signaling and action may occur in primary sensory neurons and dorsal horn synapses. AEA application causes balanced inhibition and excitation of primary afferent synaptic input on superficial dorsal horn neurons in normal conditions, whereas peripheral inflammation promotes AEA-mediated inhibition. This review focuses mainly on the modulation of synaptic transmission at the spinal cord level and signaling in primary nociceptive neurons by AEA via CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Furthermore, the spinal analgesic effect in preclinical studies and clinical aspects of AEA-mediated analgesia are considered.

• MeSH
• Endocannabinoids * metabolism   MeSH
• TRPV Cation Channels metabolism   MeSH
• Arachidonic Acids * metabolism   pharmacology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Spinal Cord * metabolism   drug effects   MeSH
• Synaptic Transmission * physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Nociception physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Nociceptors metabolism   drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Polyunsaturated Alkamides * metabolism   MeSH
• Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 metabolism   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH